The Qreiya Beds that record the ‘mid-Paleocene
event’ at Gabal Nezzazat occur within the Igorina albeari
(P3b) Zone and constitute part of a 14-m thick shale succession
that ranges in age from Early to Late Paleocene. They are
composed of four alternating dark grey and brown shale
beds, which are thinly laminated, phosphatic, organic-rich
and extremely sulphidic. They are characterized by distinct
enrichment and high peak anomalies in chalcophiles (Zn, Co,
Ni, Cu and Pb) and organic association elements (V and Cr),
especially within the brown organic-rich beds. It is concluded
that these elements are incorporated into the phosphatic debris,
sulphides and organic matter. In contrast, the grey beds are
enriched in clay minerals and quartz. Clay mineral assemblages
indicate alternating periods of warm/humid climate (high
kaolinite) and dry climate (low kaolinite) during the formation
of the grey and brown beds, respectively. The sediments of
the Qreiya Beds yield lithological, biotic, geochemical and
mineralogical data indicative of suboxic/anoxic marine environments
as a result of high productivity and/or upwelling.
The top metre of the succession below the Qreiya Beds is
characterized by a progressive change from faunas dominated
by praemurcurids to faunas dominated by Morozovilids, and
by a progressive upward decrease in δ13Ccarb and δ18Ocarb
values. The foraminiferal faunal change may reflect shallowing
and warming preceding deposition of the Qreiya Beds. The
change in isotopic values is inferred to be the result of surface weathering, fluvial input and diagenesis with no evidence of
any primary change that could support presence of a hyperthermal
event.

The Qreiya Beds that record the ‘mid-Paleocene
event’ at Gabal Nezzazat occur within the Igorina albeari
(P3b) Zone and constitute part of a 14-m thick shale succession
that ranges in age from Early to Late Paleocene. They are
composed of four alternating dark grey and brown shale
beds, which are thinly laminated, phosphatic, organic-rich
and extremely sulphidic. They are characterized by distinct
enrichment and high peak anomalies in chalcophiles (Zn, Co,
Ni, Cu and Pb) and organic association elements (V and Cr),
especially within the brown organic-rich beds. It is concluded
that these elements are incorporated into the phosphatic debris,
sulphides and organic matter. In contrast, the grey beds are
enriched in clay minerals and quartz. Clay mineral assemblages
indicate alternating periods of warm/humid climate (high
kaolinite) and dry climate (low kaolinite) during the formation
of the grey and brown beds, respectively. The sediments of
the Qreiya Beds yield lithological, biotic, geochemical and
mineralogical data indicative of suboxic/anoxic marine environments
as a result of high productivity and/or upwelling.
The top metre of the succession below the Qreiya Beds is
characterized by a progressive change from faunas dominated
by praemurcurids to faunas dominated by Morozovilids, and
by a progressive upward decrease in δ13Ccarb and δ18Ocarb
values. The foraminiferal faunal change may reflect shallowing
and warming preceding deposition of the Qreiya Beds. The
change in isotopic values is inferred to be the result of surface weathering, fluvial input and diagenesis with no evidence of
any primary change that could support presence of a hyperthermal
event.

The Qreiya Beds that record the ‘mid-Paleocene
event’ at Gabal Nezzazat occur within the Igorina albeari
(P3b) Zone and constitute part of a 14-m thick shale succession
that ranges in age from Early to Late Paleocene. They are
composed of four alternating dark grey and brown shale
beds, which are thinly laminated, phosphatic, organic-rich
and extremely sulphidic. They are characterized by distinct
enrichment and high peak anomalies in chalcophiles (Zn, Co,
Ni, Cu and Pb) and organic association elements (V and Cr),
especially within the brown organic-rich beds. It is concluded
that these elements are incorporated into the phosphatic debris,
sulphides and organic matter. In contrast, the grey beds are
enriched in clay minerals and quartz. Clay mineral assemblages
indicate alternating periods of warm/humid climate (high
kaolinite) and dry climate (low kaolinite) during the formation
of the grey and brown beds, respectively. The sediments of
the Qreiya Beds yield lithological, biotic, geochemical and
mineralogical data indicative of suboxic/anoxic marine environments
as a result of high productivity and/or upwelling.
The top metre of the succession below the Qreiya Beds is
characterized by a progressive change from faunas dominated
by praemurcurids to faunas dominated by Morozovilids, and
by a progressive upward decrease in δ13Ccarb and δ18Ocarb
values. The foraminiferal faunal change may reflect shallowing
and warming preceding deposition of the Qreiya Beds. The
change in isotopic values is inferred to be the result of surface weathering, fluvial input and diagenesis with no evidence of
any primary change that could support presence of a hyperthermal
event.

The growth and some metablic activites of Anabaena circinalis, which were grown under different salinity
stress levels were followed and it has been found that these species can tolerate NaCl salinity to the
level of 80 mM and survived to the level of 0.5 M of NaCl. Higher doses of salinity caused reduction in
growth criteria (Absorbance, chlorophyll content) with the time elapsed, reduction of protein content, and
caused increasing in carbohydrate content, significance increasing in proline content was also recorded.
Addition of Ca+2 to the salinized culture caused improvement in growth and improved K+/Na+ ratio which
increase the osmoprotectant, as well as protect this organism from the toxic effect of NaCl.

The effect of glyphosate herbicide concentrations on the growth and some metabolic activities of the
green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda and the blue-green alga (cyanobacteria) Merismopedia glauca
isolated from soil (Assiut, Egypt) were assessed. The growth of Scenedesmus quadricauda and
Merismopedia glauca was negatively affected by glyphosate herbicide. In addition, decreasing of the cell
number as well as chlorophyll a, b and the dry weight of Scenedesmus were occurred with increasing
the herbicide concentrations, while the dry weight and chlorophyll a of Merismopedia was increased by
low concentration of glyphosate herbicide. The photosynthesis and respiration were increased in the two
algae with increasing glyphosate herbicide. Increasing of soluble and insoluble carbohydrates with
increasing of the herbicide in Scenedesmus. But in case of Merismopedia glauca the soluble sugars
only were enhanced by all concentrations used of the herbicide. Decreasing soluble and insoluble
proteins was occurred in Scenedesmus with increasing glyphosate. Also, glutelins, globulins and
prolamines were decreased with increasing of glyphosate herbicide. The insoluble proteins, glutelins,
globulins were increased and soluble proteins as well as prolamines were decreased with increasing of
glyphosate herbicide to Merismopedia. Free amino acids were increased by increasing glyphosate
herbicide in Scenedesmus and Merismopedia. Glyphosate herbicide inhibited the growth and some
metabolic activities in the tested algae, this effect depend on the algal species, the type and
concentration of the herbicide.

The effect of glyphosate herbicide concentrations on the growth and some metabolic activities of the
green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda and the blue-green alga (cyanobacteria) Merismopedia glauca
isolated from soil (Assiut, Egypt) were assessed. The growth of Scenedesmus quadricauda and
Merismopedia glauca was negatively affected by glyphosate herbicide. In addition, decreasing of the cell
number as well as chlorophyll a, b and the dry weight of Scenedesmus were occurred with increasing
the herbicide concentrations, while the dry weight and chlorophyll a of Merismopedia was increased by
low concentration of glyphosate herbicide. The photosynthesis and respiration were increased in the two
algae with increasing glyphosate herbicide. Increasing of soluble and insoluble carbohydrates with
increasing of the herbicide in Scenedesmus. But in case of Merismopedia glauca the soluble sugars
only were enhanced by all concentrations used of the herbicide. Decreasing soluble and insoluble
proteins was occurred in Scenedesmus with increasing glyphosate. Also, glutelins, globulins and
prolamines were decreased with increasing of glyphosate herbicide. The insoluble proteins, glutelins,
globulins were increased and soluble proteins as well as prolamines were decreased with increasing of
glyphosate herbicide to Merismopedia. Free amino acids were increased by increasing glyphosate
herbicide in Scenedesmus and Merismopedia. Glyphosate herbicide inhibited the growth and some
metabolic activities in the tested algae, this effect depend on the algal species, the type and
concentration of the herbicide.

The effect of glyphosate herbicide concentrations on the growth and some metabolic activities of the
green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda and the blue-green alga (cyanobacteria) Merismopedia glauca
isolated from soil (Assiut, Egypt) were assessed. The growth of Scenedesmus quadricauda and
Merismopedia glauca was negatively affected by glyphosate herbicide. In addition, decreasing of the cell
number as well as chlorophyll a, b and the dry weight of Scenedesmus were occurred with increasing
the herbicide concentrations, while the dry weight and chlorophyll a of Merismopedia was increased by
low concentration of glyphosate herbicide. The photosynthesis and respiration were increased in the two
algae with increasing glyphosate herbicide. Increasing of soluble and insoluble carbohydrates with
increasing of the herbicide in Scenedesmus. But in case of Merismopedia glauca the soluble sugars
only were enhanced by all concentrations used of the herbicide. Decreasing soluble and insoluble
proteins was occurred in Scenedesmus with increasing glyphosate. Also, glutelins, globulins and
prolamines were decreased with increasing of glyphosate herbicide. The insoluble proteins, glutelins,
globulins were increased and soluble proteins as well as prolamines were decreased with increasing of
glyphosate herbicide to Merismopedia. Free amino acids were increased by increasing glyphosate
herbicide in Scenedesmus and Merismopedia. Glyphosate herbicide inhibited the growth and some
metabolic activities in the tested algae, this effect depend on the algal species, the type and
concentration of the herbicide.

El-Kharga oasis soils tend to alkaline, very poor in N, P and rich in Ca, Mg, Na, and K. The total algal
counts fluctuated, in the study sites (1 6), and ranged between 3.333 colonies/g soil for the plant
Hyoscyamus muticus and 4978.3 colonies/g soils for Plantago major. The high percentage of
cyanophyta (97.7%) was recorded around Oxalix erniculata, chlorophyta (84.1 5%) around Solanum
nigrum and diatoms (53.3%) around Langonychium farctum. On the other hand, the number of total
algal species in the study sites ranged between 2 and 1 6 species for Hyoscyamus muticus and
Langonychium farctum, respectively. No species belong to chlorophyta and bacillariophyta around the
root of Hyoscyamus muticus, Calendula micrantha and Ambrosia martema plants. The only one species
encountered high occurrence remark was Pseudoanabaena papilloterminat (Cyanophyta). Treatments
of Nostoc carneum with various soaked root extracts of Ambrosia maritima and Hoscyamus muticus
caused enhancement of the growth, especially with high concentration of the extract (5%).

El-Kharga oasis soils tend to alkaline, very poor in N, P and rich in Ca, Mg, Na, and K. The total algal
counts fluctuated, in the study sites (1 6), and ranged between 3.333 colonies/g soil for the plant
Hyoscyamus muticus and 4978.3 colonies/g soils for Plantago major. The high percentage of
cyanophyta (97.7%) was recorded around Oxalix erniculata, chlorophyta (84.1 5%) around Solanum
nigrum and diatoms (53.3%) around Langonychium farctum. On the other hand, the number of total
algal species in the study sites ranged between 2 and 1 6 species for Hyoscyamus muticus and
Langonychium farctum, respectively. No species belong to chlorophyta and bacillariophyta around the
root of Hyoscyamus muticus, Calendula micrantha and Ambrosia martema plants. The only one species
encountered high occurrence remark was Pseudoanabaena papilloterminat (Cyanophyta). Treatments
of Nostoc carneum with various soaked root extracts of Ambrosia maritima and Hoscyamus muticus
caused enhancement of the growth, especially with high concentration of the extract (5%).

El-Kharga oasis soils tend to alkaline, very poor in N, P and rich in Ca, Mg, Na, and K. The total algal
counts fluctuated, in the study sites (1 6), and ranged between 3.333 colonies/g soil for the plant
Hyoscyamus muticus and 4978.3 colonies/g soils for Plantago major. The high percentage of
cyanophyta (97.7%) was recorded around Oxalix erniculata, chlorophyta (84.1 5%) around Solanum
nigrum and diatoms (53.3%) around Langonychium farctum. On the other hand, the number of total
algal species in the study sites ranged between 2 and 1 6 species for Hyoscyamus muticus and
Langonychium farctum, respectively. No species belong to chlorophyta and bacillariophyta around the
root of Hyoscyamus muticus, Calendula micrantha and Ambrosia martema plants. The only one species
encountered high occurrence remark was Pseudoanabaena papilloterminat (Cyanophyta). Treatments
of Nostoc carneum with various soaked root extracts of Ambrosia maritima and Hoscyamus muticus
caused enhancement of the growth, especially with high concentration of the extract (5%).