Drugs and metabolites are transported in the blood by plasma proteins, such as human serum albumin (HSA). The uridine analog 2'dFUrd, which is a cytotoxic prodrug metabolite of capecitabine, has remarkable activity against solid tumors when administered orally. We report the results of an in vitro experimental study on the interactions of 2'-dFUrd with the N-isoform (at pH 7.4) and B-isoform (at pH 9.0) of HSA, investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and molecular docking. The binding constant (Kb) was higher for the N-isoform than for the B-isoform. Thermodynamic parameters, such as enthalpy change (ΔH°), entropy change (ΔS°), and Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°), were also calculated for both isoform interactions using calorimetric techniques. The thermostabilities of HSA and the HSA-2'dFUrd complex were found to be higher for the N-isoform. The interaction of 2'dFUrd with HSA was also explored in molecular docking studies, which revealed that 2'dFUrd was bound to the Sudlow site I in subdomain IIA through multiple modes of interaction, such as hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. These results suggest that 2'dFUrd has higher binding affinity for the N-isoform of HSA.

Multifunctional graphene magnetic nanosheet decorated with chitosan (GMCS) is demonstrated as a promising biosensor for fluorescence spectroscopy and it can be also applied for matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) for sensitive pathogenic bacteria detection. Graphene-magnetic@chitosan (GMCS) can be applied for multiple applications such as fluorescence biosensor, fluorescence background suppressor, acting as co-matrix, enriching nanoprobe, and separation by external magnets for pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) present in aqueous suspension or blood colloids. GMCS has been prepared and characterized using various techniques including TEM, UV, FTIR, XRD, Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy. Due to the non-covalent interactions among the pathogenic bacteria with the GMCS, fluorescence enhancement takes place as a function of bacterial cell number with a low number of cell detection (4.5 × 102 to 5.0 × 102 cfu mL−1) and wide linear dynamic range which indicates that the GMCS approach is an excellent quantitative methodology and highly sensitive approach for detection of bacteria cells. Graphene works intrinsically as a fluorescence quencher for blood fluorophores and cell autofluorescence as graphene typically has a long life time, which allows detection of the bacteria signals by direct fluorescence measurements. Because of the high fluorescence enhancement efficiency, and large surface area (to volume ratio) of graphene, GMCS exhibits extraordinarily high sensitivity for complex (blood) sample analysis. GMCS also can be applied as an efficient separation and preconcentration nanoprobe for surface assisted laser desorption/ionization (SALDI) and enhances the ionization of bacterial biomolecules during MALDI-MS analysis. The bacterial cell suspension was concentrated from 1 mL to 10 μL via an external magnetic field, thus it can enhance bacteria detection for MALDI-MS analysis. GMCS is an outstanding approach which is a rapid, sensitive, culture free technique and low cost biosensor for pathogenic bacteria detection.

This review surveys all the state-of-art applications of quantum dots (QDs) in conventional and modern analytical methods in proteomic studies. A brief introduction of QDs and their properties is initially presented followed by outlining the application of QDs in fluorescence, MS, imaging, and cancer-based proteomics. The in-depth application of QDs in MALDI-MS and surface assisted laser desorption/ionization-MS has been elaborately discussed, summarizing the speculated mechanism behind the protein–QDs interactions during QD matrix applications leading to enhanced detection sensitivity.

We analyze the convergence of the Mann-type double sequence iteration process to
the solution of a Lipschitz pseudocontractive operator equation on a bounded closed
convex subset of arbitrary real Banach space into itself. Our results extend the result in
(Moore in Comp. Math. Appl. 43: 1585-1589, 2002).

We disprove Strichartz estimates for the solution of the inhomogeneous Schrödinger equation in a certain range of the Lebesgue exponents values.

The present study aimed to investigate changes in the protein contents using SDS-PAGE, also using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) assay to identify changes in DNA concentra- tion in the embryos of Egyptian toad Bufo regularis. Our experiment started when tadpoles began to feed. The adapted embryos were divided into 3 large tanks of 200 embryos each, collections of samples started from feeding age every three days. Cluster method was used to indicate the dis- tinct distance between the band patterns of different stages. An increase occurred in the concen- tration of protein fractions in these tadpoles upon metamorphosis and that when metamorphosis was completed. DNA concentration exhibited an evident low values at the premetamorphic stage 44 (105.85 ± 0.519 ng/µl) compared with the other more advanced developmental stages 55 and 56 (204.056 ± 0.651 ng/µl and 234.55 ± 2.325 ng/µl respectively). In conclusion, acquire informa- tion about the changes in the molecular content of Bufo regularis during metamorphosis has been estimated.

The present study aimed to investigate changes in the protein contents using SDS-PAGE, also using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) assay to identify changes in DNA concentra- tion in the embryos of Egyptian toad Bufo regularis. Our experiment started when tadpoles began to feed. The adapted embryos were divided into 3 large tanks of 200 embryos each, collections of samples started from feeding age every three days. Cluster method was used to indicate the dis- tinct distance between the band patterns of different stages. An increase occurred in the concen- tration of protein fractions in these tadpoles upon metamorphosis and that when metamorphosis was completed. DNA concentration exhibited an evident low values at the premetamorphic stage 44 (105.85 ± 0.519 ng/µl) compared with the other more advanced developmental stages 55 and 56 (204.056 ± 0.651 ng/µl and 234.55 ± 2.325 ng/µl respectively). In conclusion, acquire informa- tion about the changes in the molecular content of Bufo regularis during metamorphosis has been estimated.

The effect of feeding Spirulina platensis on the growth and haematological parameters of the Nile catfish; Clarias gariepinus exposed to food shortage stress were investigated. S. platensis was added to the basal diet at 0.0, 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 g Spirulina /kg diet and fed for two months to the Nile catfish. Our results showed that the final fish weight, weight gain and specific growth rate of C. gariepinus fed on the experimental diets were not significantly different (p > 0.05). The fish fed on Spirulina diets exhibited higher RBC’s counts, WBC’s counts, haemoglobin and haematocrit levels as compared with stressed fish and control. The feeding dietary Spirulina resulted in significant decreases in mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin and neutrophils, while, the mean cell haemoglobin concentration was not affected. The platelets and monocytes were increased with Spirulina levels increase. A significant decrease in eosinophils and small lymphocytes were observed in the fish treated with Spirulina, however, the large lymphocytes were increased. The percentage of altered erythrocytes of fish treated with Spirulina was significantly decreased in comparison to stressed fish and control. We can conclude that Spirulina supplementation is promising for improving the hametological parameters in Clarias gariepinus, as immun-inducer and growth factor in food ingredients for fish feeding

The effect of feeding Spirulina platensis on the growth and haematological parameters of the Nile catfish; Clarias gariepinus exposed to food shortage stress were investigated. S. platensis was added to the basal diet at 0.0, 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 g Spirulina /kg diet and fed for two months to the Nile catfish. Our results showed that the final fish weight, weight gain and specific growth rate of C. gariepinus fed on the experimental diets were not significantly different (p > 0.05). The fish fed on Spirulina diets exhibited higher RBC’s counts, WBC’s counts, haemoglobin and haematocrit levels as compared with stressed fish and control. The feeding dietary Spirulina resulted in significant decreases in mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin and neutrophils, while, the mean cell haemoglobin concentration was not affected. The platelets and monocytes were increased with Spirulina levels increase. A significant decrease in eosinophils and small lymphocytes were observed in the fish treated with Spirulina, however, the large lymphocytes were increased. The percentage of altered erythrocytes of fish treated with Spirulina was significantly decreased in comparison to stressed fish and control. We can conclude that Spirulina supplementation is promising for improving the hametological parameters in Clarias gariepinus, as immun-inducer and growth factor in food ingredients for fish feeding