Octopamine (OA) and tyramine (TA) are biogenic amines that act as neurotransmitters, neurohormones, and neuromodulators in the invertebrate nervous system. Tyramine-β-hydroxylase (TβH) catalyzes the biosynthesis of OA from TA. In this study, cDNA encoding Bombyx mori TβH (BmTβH) was cloned from the brain of the silkworm B. mori. The BmTβH mRNA comprised 2204 nucleotide residues and contained an open reading frame encoding 592 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence shared homology to several proteins belonging to the insect TβH family. Functional expression of the cloned cDNA was obtained using a B. mori baculovirus expression vector system. Western blot analysis revealed an immunoreactive band with a molecular mass of ~ 67.4 kDa. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify the products formed during incubation of the enzyme reaction mixture. The optimum pH and temperature for the conversion of TA to OA were 7.5 and 25 °C, respectively. During incubation, the reaction was linear for the first 30 min at 25 °C and pH 7.5. Inhibitory experiments carried out with various concentrations of an inhibitor showed that this method can be used for screening of BmTβH inhibitors.

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ThepresentworkreportedtheinfluenceofGecontentvariationontheopticalpropertiesof
GexSe50Te50-x (x¼0, 5,15,20,35at%).Vacuumthermalevaporationtechniquewas
employedtoprepareamorphousGexSe50Te50x thinfilms.Thestoichiometryofthe
chemicalcompositionwascheckedbyenergydispersiveX-rayspectroscopy(EDX),whereas
thethinfilmsstructurewasdeterminedbyanX-raydiffractionandascanningelectron
microscope(SEM).Theopticalabsorptionmeasurementswereperformedatroom
temperatureinthewavelengthrangeof200–900nm.Manyopticalconstantswere
calculatedforthestudiedthinfilmsutilizingtheopticalabsorptiondata.Itwasobserved
thattheopticalabsorptionmechanismfollowstheruleofthealloweddirecttransition.The
opticalbandgapwasfoundtoincreasefrom2.31to2.60eVastheGecontentincreases
from0to35at%.Thisresultwasexplainedintermsofthechemicalbondapproach.

ThepresentworkreportedtheinfluenceofGecontentvariationontheopticalpropertiesof
GexSe50Te50-x (x¼0, 5,15,20,35at%).Vacuumthermalevaporationtechniquewas
employedtoprepareamorphousGexSe50Te50x thinfilms.Thestoichiometryofthe
chemicalcompositionwascheckedbyenergydispersiveX-rayspectroscopy(EDX),whereas
thethinfilmsstructurewasdeterminedbyanX-raydiffractionandascanningelectron
microscope(SEM).Theopticalabsorptionmeasurementswereperformedatroom
temperatureinthewavelengthrangeof200–900nm.Manyopticalconstantswere
calculatedforthestudiedthinfilmsutilizingtheopticalabsorptiondata.Itwasobserved
thattheopticalabsorptionmechanismfollowstheruleofthealloweddirecttransition.The
opticalbandgapwasfoundtoincreasefrom2.31to2.60eVastheGecontentincreases
from0to35at%.Thisresultwasexplainedintermsofthechemicalbondapproach.

The activation energies of crystallization of Se90Te10 glass were studied at different heating rates (4–50 K/min)
under non-isothermal conditions using a differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) technique. The activation energy
was determined by analyzing the data using the Matusita et al. method. A strong heating rate dependence of
the activation energywas observed. The variation of the activation energywas analyzed by the application of the
three isoconversional methods, of Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), and Vyazovkin.
These methods confirm that the activation energy of crystallization is not constant but varies with the degree of
crystallization and hence with temperature. This variation indicates that the transformation from amorphous to
crystalline phase is a complex process involving different mechanisms of nucleation and growth. On the other
hand, the validity of the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami (JMA) model to describe the crystallization process for the
studied composition was discussed. Results obtained by directly fitting the experimental DSC to the calculated
DSC curve indicate that the crystallization process of the Se90Te10 glass cannot be satisfactorily described by
the JMA model. In general, simulation results indicate that the Sestak–Berggren (SB) model is more suitable to
describe the crystallization kinetics.

The activation energies of crystallization of Se90Te10 glass were studied at different heating rates (4–50 K/min)
under non-isothermal conditions using a differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) technique. The activation energy
was determined by analyzing the data using the Matusita et al. method. A strong heating rate dependence of
the activation energywas observed. The variation of the activation energywas analyzed by the application of the
three isoconversional methods, of Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), and Vyazovkin.
These methods confirm that the activation energy of crystallization is not constant but varies with the degree of
crystallization and hence with temperature. This variation indicates that the transformation from amorphous to
crystalline phase is a complex process involving different mechanisms of nucleation and growth. On the other
hand, the validity of the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami (JMA) model to describe the crystallization process for the
studied composition was discussed. Results obtained by directly fitting the experimental DSC to the calculated
DSC curve indicate that the crystallization process of the Se90Te10 glass cannot be satisfactorily described by
the JMA model. In general, simulation results indicate that the Sestak–Berggren (SB) model is more suitable to
describe the crystallization kinetics.

The activation energies of crystallization of Se90Te10 glass were studied at different heating rates (4–50 K/min)
under non-isothermal conditions using a differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) technique. The activation energy
was determined by analyzing the data using the Matusita et al. method. A strong heating rate dependence of
the activation energywas observed. The variation of the activation energywas analyzed by the application of the
three isoconversional methods, of Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), and Vyazovkin.
These methods confirm that the activation energy of crystallization is not constant but varies with the degree of
crystallization and hence with temperature. This variation indicates that the transformation from amorphous to
crystalline phase is a complex process involving different mechanisms of nucleation and growth. On the other
hand, the validity of the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami (JMA) model to describe the crystallization process for the
studied composition was discussed. Results obtained by directly fitting the experimental DSC to the calculated
DSC curve indicate that the crystallization process of the Se90Te10 glass cannot be satisfactorily described by
the JMA model. In general, simulation results indicate that the Sestak–Berggren (SB) model is more suitable to
describe the crystallization kinetics.

The crystallization process of Se95−xInxPb5 (x = 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 at.%) glassy system was studied by differential
thermal analysis (DTA) technique under non-isothermal conditions. The crystallization parameters
were calculated using different kinetic models. The glass forming ability was found to decrease with
increasing In content. The validity of the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami (JMA) model to describe the crystallization
process for the studied compositions was discussed. The results showed that the two-parameter
Sestak–Berggren model SB (M, N) is the most suitable for quantitative description of the crystallization
process for the studied compositions. Increasing In content in the Se-In-Pb system leads to a more complex
and accelerated process. The crystalline phases formed in the annealed samples were identified
using X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

The crystallization process of Se95−xInxPb5 (x = 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 at.%) glassy system was studied by differential
thermal analysis (DTA) technique under non-isothermal conditions. The crystallization parameters
were calculated using different kinetic models. The glass forming ability was found to decrease with
increasing In content. The validity of the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami (JMA) model to describe the crystallization
process for the studied compositions was discussed. The results showed that the two-parameter
Sestak–Berggren model SB (M, N) is the most suitable for quantitative description of the crystallization
process for the studied compositions. Increasing In content in the Se-In-Pb system leads to a more complex
and accelerated process. The crystalline phases formed in the annealed samples were identified
using X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Aromatic aldazines with thiocyanates in glacial acetic acid produce corresponding bistriazolidine derivatives via criss-cross cycloaddition reaction. The chemical structure was confirmed by elemental and spectral analysis. Biological activity against some microorganisms was tested.