Simple, inexpensive, accurate and sensitive square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry method depends on oxidation of anti-ulcer drug pantoprazole sodium on pencil graphite electrode using sodium dodecyl sulphate as a surfactant at pH 6.0 was introduced. The current signal due to the oxidation process as a function of the amount of the cited drug, pH of the medium, type of surfactant, frequency and adsorption time at the electrode surface was studied. The oxidation peak current varied linearly with the concentration over the range of 5 × 10–9–6 × 10–6 M. The limit of detection was 2 nM. The validity of the proposed method for pharmacokinetic study in rabbit plasma was conducted.

Simple, inexpensive, accurate and sensitive square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry method depends on oxidation of anti-ulcer drug pantoprazole sodium on pencil graphite electrode using sodium dodecyl sulphate as a surfactant at pH 6.0 was introduced. The current signal due to the oxidation process as a function of the amount of the cited drug, pH of the medium, type of surfactant, frequency and adsorption time at the electrode surface was studied. The oxidation peak current varied linearly with the concentration over the range of 5 × 10–9–6 × 10–6 M. The limit of detection was 2 nM. The validity of the proposed method for pharmacokinetic study in rabbit plasma was conducted.

Simple, inexpensive, accurate and sensitive square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry method depends on oxidation of anti-ulcer drug pantoprazole sodium on pencil graphite electrode using sodium dodecyl sulphate as a surfactant at pH 6.0 was introduced. The current signal due to the oxidation process as a function of the amount of the cited drug, pH of the medium, type of surfactant, frequency and adsorption time at the electrode surface was studied. The oxidation peak current varied linearly with the concentration over the range of 5 × 10–9–6 × 10–6 M. The limit of detection was 2 nM. The validity of the proposed method for pharmacokinetic study in rabbit plasma was conducted.

Particle size of nanoparticles and the respective polydispersity are key factors influencing their biopharmaceutical behavior in a large variety of therapeutic applications. Predicting these attributes would skip many preliminary studies usually required to optimize formulations. The aim was to build a mathematical model capable of predicting the particle size of polymeric nanoparticles produced by a pharmaceutical polymer of choice. Polymer properties controlling the particle size were identified as molecular weight, hydrophobicity and surface activity, and were quantified by measuring polymer viscosity, contact angle and interfacial tension, respectively. A model was built using artificial neural network including these properties as input with particle size and polydispersity index as output. The established model successfully predicted particle size of nanoparticles covering a range of 70–400 nm prepared from other polymers. The percentage bias for particle prediction was 2%, 4% and 6%, for the training, validation and testing data, respectively. Polymer surface activity was found to have the highest impact on the particle size followed by viscosity and finally hydrophobicity. Results of this study successfully highlighted polymer properties affecting particle size and confirmed the usefulness of artificial neural networks in predicting the particle size and polydispersity of polymeric nanoparticles.

Tramadol—an atypical opioid analgesic—has a unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile, with opioidergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic actions. Tramadol has long been used as a well-tolerated alternative to other drugs in moderate pain because of its opioidergic and monoaminergic activities. However, cumulative evidence has been gathered over the last few years that supports other likely mechanisms and uses of tramadol in pain management. Tramadol has modulatory effects on several mediators involved in pain signaling, such as voltage-gated sodium ion channels, transient receptor potential V1 channels, glutamate receptors, α2-adrenoceptors, adenosine receptors, and mechanisms involving substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, prostaglandin E2, and proinflammatory cytokines. Tramadol also modifies the crosstalk between neuronal and non-neuronal cells in peripheral and central sites. Through these molecular effects, tramadol could modulate peripheral and central neuronal hyperexcitability. Given the broad spectrum of molecular targets, tramadol as a unimodal analgesic relieves a broad range of pain types, such as postoperative, low back, and neuropathic pain and that associated with labor, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, and cancer. Moreover, tramadol has anxiolytic, antidepressant, and anti-shivering activities that could improve pain management outcomes. The aim of this review was to address these issues in the context of maladaptive physiological and psychological processes that are associated with different pain types.

The enhancement effect of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) combined with silver nanocomposite supported on poly brilliant blue (PBB) platform was investigated for ultra-trace analysis of rosuvastatin (RS). Herein, in situ electrochemical deposition of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and rGO hybrid was performed on the surface of the polymerized brilliant blue (PBB) platform. The developed (AgNPs–rGO/PBB) electrode showed an enhanced catalytic activity toward the oxidation of RS. The modified electrodes AgNPs–rGO/PBB and AgNPs/PBB required an overpotential of 0.68 and 1.06 V to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm2, and their corresponding Tafel slopes were calculated to be 70 and 105 mV dec1, respectively. Further, rGO and silver nanocomposites properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Additionally, the formation of GO and AgNPs–rGO was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Under the optimized conditions, the electrochemical sensor showed a remarkable response for quantitation of RS over a wide range of concentrations 5x109 to 5x107 mol L1 (r ¼ 0.9988), with a limit of detection 2.17x109 mol L1. The electrochemical performance of the studied electrode showed high reproducibility and suitability for tablets and human plasma.

The enhancement effect of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) combined with silver nanocomposite supported on poly brilliant blue (PBB) platform was investigated for ultra-trace analysis of rosuvastatin (RS). Herein, in situ electrochemical deposition of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and rGO hybrid was performed on the surface of the polymerized brilliant blue (PBB) platform. The developed (AgNPs–rGO/PBB) electrode showed an enhanced catalytic activity toward the oxidation of RS. The modified electrodes AgNPs–rGO/PBB and AgNPs/PBB required an overpotential of 0.68 and 1.06 V to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm2, and their corresponding Tafel slopes were calculated to be 70 and 105 mV dec1, respectively. Further, rGO and silver nanocomposites properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Additionally, the formation of GO and AgNPs–rGO was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Under the optimized conditions, the electrochemical sensor showed a remarkable response for quantitation of RS over a wide range of concentrations 5x109 to 5x107 mol L1 (r ¼ 0.9988), with a limit of detection 2.17x109 mol L1. The electrochemical performance of the studied electrode showed high reproducibility and suitability for tablets and human plasma.

An innovative nanocomposite for the analysis of rosuvastatin (ROS) was constructed. The as synthesized nanocomposite composed of spinel copper ferrite nanoparticles (p-CuFeO2 NPs) supported on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets in diethyl ammonium acid sulphate (DEAAS) as ionic liquid and anti-fouling agent. The prepared nanohybrid not only improves the interfacial electron transfer, but also readily exposed good catalytic effect toward ROS oxidation. The prepared sensor shows good oxidation behavior toward ROS oxidation in the range of 0.2–22.0 nM and the obtained LOD was 0.077 nM. To ensure good performance; the proposed sensor was used to determine ROS in different matrices and in human plasma. This study provides an efficient route to synthesize suitable nanohybrids for fabrication of potential sensors. Moreover, it opens new avenues in the manufacturing of ternary nanocomposite with excellent electrocatalytic effects.

Ultrasensitive, specific, rapid and economic spectrofluorimetric method was developed and validated for determination of a selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor; Febuxostat (FBX) in tablets and in human plasma. The proposed method is based on the enhancement of the fluorescence intensity of an aqueous acidic solution of FBX by using 1.0% w/v sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as a micellar system. A great enhancement of the relative fluorescence intensity (RFI) of FBX was observed (about 2 and 30 folds compared to the aqueous acidic solution of FBX and the aqueous solution of FBX, respectively). RFI was measured at λex. 336 nm/ λem. 410 nm against a reagent blank treated similarly. A linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity of the formed FBX-SDS micellar system and the concentration of FBX was investigated. The reaction conditions and the fluorescence spectral properties of the formed micelle have been studied. The linearity range of the developed method was (0.100–25.0 ng/mL) with detection and quantitation limits of 15.08 and 45.71 pg/mL, respectively. This method was applied successfully for the estimation of FBX in its pharmaceutical dosage forms and in spiked plasma samples without matrices' interferences and with excellent recoveries (99.72–101.44%). This affords the ability to use the developed method for quantitation of FBX in real plasma samples with excellent reproducible % recoveries (96.51–101.32%). All obtained results of the developed method were statistically analyzed and validated according to ICH guidelines.

Ultrasensitive, specific, rapid and economic spectrofluorimetric method was developed and validated for determination of a selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor; Febuxostat (FBX) in tablets and in human plasma. The proposed method is based on the enhancement of the fluorescence intensity of an aqueous acidic solution of FBX by using 1.0% w/v sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as a micellar system. A great enhancement of the relative fluorescence intensity (RFI) of FBX was observed (about 2 and 30 folds compared to the aqueous acidic solution of FBX and the aqueous solution of FBX, respectively). RFI was measured at λex. 336 nm/ λem. 410 nm against a reagent blank treated similarly. A linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity of the formed FBX-SDS micellar system and the concentration of FBX was investigated. The reaction conditions and the fluorescence spectral properties of the formed micelle have been studied. The linearity range of the developed method was (0.100–25.0 ng/mL) with detection and quantitation limits of 15.08 and 45.71 pg/mL, respectively. This method was applied successfully for the estimation of FBX in its pharmaceutical dosage forms and in spiked plasma samples without matrices' interferences and with excellent recoveries (99.72–101.44%). This affords the ability to use the developed method for quantitation of FBX in real plasma samples with excellent reproducible % recoveries (96.51–101.32%). All obtained results of the developed method were statistically analyzed and validated according to ICH guidelines.