Cancer is a highly significant medical concern, as it is the second most prevalent cause of mortality after cardiovascular diseases. It arises due to dysregulated cell cycle control, leading to a gradual decline in cellular differentiation and unrestricted cellular proliferation. Therefore, the primary objective for researchers is to develop a cancer treatment that addresses drug resistance while providing effective therapeutic benefits and minimizing side effects. Benzimidazole has garnered significant attention because it serves as an auxiliary isostere of nucleotides, which are found in several natural and biologically active molecules. Benzimidazole compounds possess a privileged pharmacophore that exhibits various pharmacological actions. Several benzimidazole derivatives exhibit dual or multiple anticancer properties through diverse mechanisms, focusing on specific compounds or employing strategies that are not gene specific. Furthermore, many drugs based on benzimidazole have previously been approved to treat cancer. This comprehensive review encompasses the most important reports on various benzimidazole hybrids, highlighting their anticancer significance, mechanism of action, and structure-activity relationships from 2005 up to 2025. These provide valuable knowledge for designing effective anticancer drugs.

Melanoma is one of the deadliest forms of cancer. The disease is incurable for many due to its aggressive, metastatic characteristics and its elevated resistance. Herein, we design and synthesize two series of target compounds oxindole-based (7a-h) and non-oxindole-based (8a-h) benzimidazole. Selected compounds were evaluated against mutant BRAFV600E and ABL2 kinases upon evaluating for anti-tumor efficacy against a preliminary 60-tumor cell line panel at NCI, USA. The NCI selected six compounds (7c, 7d, 7g, 7h, 8b, and 8h) for evaluation at five doses. Compounds 8b and 8h exhibited the highest cytotoxic potency against SK-MEL-5 with IC50 = 1.00 and 0.54 μM, respectively. Compounds 7c and 8h were the most potent to inhibit BRAFV600E with IC50 = 0.072 and 0.088 μM, respectively. While compounds 7c and 8b showed the most potent inhibitory activity against ABL2 kinases (IC50 = 0.143 and 0.236 μM, respectively). Compound 8h diminished P-glycoprotein expression by 0.2732. Molecular docking findings showed that compound 8b exhibits the highest binding affinity for the ABL2 kinase enzyme. Cytotoxicity assays in resistant melanoma cells showed IC50 values of 12.3 μM (A375) and 20.1 μM (A375-R), demonstrating potency comparable to vemurafenib. Western blot analysis showed that 8h effectively inhibited p-CrkL (Abl2 signaling) and p-ERK1/2 (BRAFV600E pathway) in A375-R melanoma cells. Compounds 8h, 7c, and 8b demonstrated the highest binding affinities for BRAFV600E. Compound 8h causes cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, inhibiting progression to the S phase and subsequent phases (28.55 % compared to 39.02 %) and G2/M phase (13.33 % compared to 16.35 %). Furthermore, the apoptotic efficacy of 8h demonstrated a significant increase in the percentage of late apoptotic cells, reaching 13.89 % in treated cells, in contrast to 0.15 % in untreated cells. In Silico ADME profiling indicated that the proposed compounds are suitable drug candidates