This study introduces a remarkably simple, green, and highly sensitive inclusion complex based spectrofluorimetric method for analyzing two sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors: empagliflozin (EGF) and dapagliflozin (DGF). The method utilizes beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) complexation to enhance the native fluorescence of EGF and DGF in aqueous solutions, resulting in 11.0-fold and 9.0-fold intensity increases, respectively. Fluorescence measurements were conducted at 301 nm emission following 230 nm excitation for both drugs. The method demonstrates excellent linearity (0.9994 for EGF and 0.9993 for DGF) over concentration ranges of 5.0–250.0 ng/mL and 10.0–300.0 ng/mL, with low detection limits of 1.05 and 1.38 ng/mL for EGF and DGF, respectively. The method's versatility was validated through successful application in pharmaceutical formulations, content uniformity testing, and biological fluids. This eco-friendly approach primarily uses water as a solvent and requires minimal reagents. The method's environmental impact was comprehensively evaluated using the analytical eco-scale, green analytical procedure index (GAPI), and analytical greenness metric (AGREE).

Brinzolamide (BRZ) is an antiglaucoma drug also used by athletes for doping purposes; therefore, it is
prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Consequently, the presence of BRZ or its metabolites in
athletes' urine constitutes a violation of anti-doping rules. The current work presents a novel
electrochemical method that assesses the effectiveness of mercury oxide nanoparticles (HgO-NPs) and
a mercuric chloride–1,10-phenanthroline complex (HgCl2–Phen complex) as sensors for BRZ analysis. A
comparative analysis revealed that the synthesized HgCl2–Phen complex exhibited superior sensitivity
and efficiency in determining BRZ levels. The properties of the modifiers were extensively characterized
using elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and
scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, electrochemical characterization was conducted
using square wave voltammetry (SWV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS). The electrode showed a good response for SWV evaluations of BRZ in
a concentration range of 0.1 to 6.0 mmol L−1, with very low limits of detection (0.01 mmol L−1) and
quantitation (0.031 mmol L−1). The method's applicability was validated by detecting BRZ in urine samples
from healthy human volunteers and in pharmaceutical eye drops. Additionally, the practical effectiveness
of the method was assessed using the blue applicability grade index (BAGI). The key advantages of this
sensor include its simple manufacturing process, as well as its remarkable sensitivity and selectivity.

Milnacipran (MCP) is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor drug which is commonly prescribed for treating major depressive disorder and fibromyalgia. While electrochemical sensors play a crucial role in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, there is currently no sensor available for determining MCP. The present work illustrates the creation of an innovative electrochemical sensor for MCP and its integration in developing a square wave voltammetric (SWV) methodology for determining MCP in pharmaceutical and biological samples. Uranine (URN)-functionalized zeolitic imidazolate framework‑8 (ZIF-8) nanocomposites were obtained by one-pot synthesis and fabricated by controlled encapsulation on a carbon paste electrode. The materials and methodology used for fabrication of the sensor (URN@ZIF-8/CPE) were chosen due to their unique structural and analytical sensing performance characteristics. The interaction mechanism of URN@ZIF-8 was investigated and confirmed by spectroscopic techniques, computational analysis, and X-ray diffractometry. The encapsulation of URN within the microporous framework of ZIF-8 has been thoroughly investigated and the results revealed that this interaction occurs without the formation of covalent or coordination bonds; instead, it is primarily driven by electrostatic attraction and size complementarity within the ZIF-8 β-cage. The sensor (URN@ZIF-8/CPE) was fully characterized demonstrating uniform morphology, large specific surface area, and exceptional electrocatalytic performance to MCP. The optimum performance of the sensor was refined, analytical procedure of SWV was established and validated according to the analytical method validation guidelines. The linear range was 1.7 – 21.7 nM, with detection and quantification limits of 0.35 and 1.07 nM, correspondingly. The accuracy and precision of SWV procedure were confirmed as the recovery values ranged from 99.28 to 101.79 %, and the relative standard deviation values were ≤ 2.32 %. The established SWV approach was successfully applied to the quantitation of MCP in commercial tablets, plasma, and urine samples. The designed SWV methodology is the first electrochemical method for assessment of MCP in tablets and biological fluids. The importance of the method sits in its potential to provide a rapid, cost-effective, and reliable tool for quality control of MCP formulations and its therapeutic drug monitoring, which are crucial for ensuring optimum dosing and patient safety. Furthermore, the efficient integration of URN with ZIF-8 opens new avenues for the progress of advanced electrochemical probes for sensing of other biomolecules.