Lignocellulosic materials (LM) are an ever present renewable and available energy source. This source is the only alternative for chemical production after fossil fuels. A study of the influence of variety type of dilute acid treatment and responses of different cellulosic agriculture wastes namely: sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, corn stover, and corn cobs to hydrolysis showed that both treatment conditions (temperature, pressure, reaction time and concentration of acid) and LM source affected on the percent of products. The treatment was carried out in flask equipped with condenser at atmospheric pressure and in small reactor at elevated pressure. The materials were grinded washed with water, and dried before retreatment. HMF, levulonic acid and furfural were extracted and measured from different LM sources in addition to total reduced sugars were estimated.

Hydrazinolysis of ethyl 5-morpholin-4-yl-1-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]isoquinoline-2-carboxylate afforded the corresponding carbohydrazide which upon condensation with aromatic aldehydes, acetyl acetone and/or carbon disulfide gave N-arylidinecarbohydrazide, dimethylpyrazolyl methanone, [1,3,4]oxadiazole-2-thiol and its ethyl ester derivatives respectively. Diazotization of the carbohydrazide with nitrous acid afforded the corresponding carboazide which was used for synthesis of carbamates and substituted carboxamides. Boiling of the carboazide in dry xylene afforded the pyrazinone compound which was used for synthesis of other heterocycles containing pyrrolopyrazinothinoisoquinoline moeity.

Hydrazinolysis of ethyl 5-morpholin-4-yl-1-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]isoquinoline-2-carboxylate afforded the corresponding carbohydrazide which upon condensation with aromatic aldehydes, acetyl acetone and/or carbon disulfide gave N-arylidinecarbohydrazide, dimethylpyrazolyl methanone, [1,3,4]oxadiazole-2-thiol and its ethyl ester derivatives respectively. Diazotization of the carbohydrazide with nitrous acid afforded the corresponding carboazide which was used for synthesis of carbamates and substituted carboxamides. Boiling of the carboazide in dry xylene afforded the pyrazinone compound which was used for synthesis of other heterocycles containing pyrrolopyrazinothinoisoquinoline moeity.

Hydrazinolysis of ethyl 5-morpholin-4-yl-1-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]isoquinoline-2-carboxylate afforded the corresponding carbohydrazide which upon condensation with aromatic aldehydes, acetyl acetone and/or carbon disulfide gave N-arylidinecarbohydrazide, dimethylpyrazolyl methanone, [1,3,4]oxadiazole-2-thiol and its ethyl ester derivatives respectively. Diazotization of the carbohydrazide with nitrous acid afforded the corresponding carboazide which was used for synthesis of carbamates and substituted carboxamides. Boiling of the carboazide in dry xylene afforded the pyrazinone compound which was used for synthesis of other heterocycles containing pyrrolopyrazinothinoisoquinoline moeity.

The natural convection magneothydrodynamic (MHD) heat and mass transfer in laminar, steady, boundary-layer flow from a permeable isothermal sphere embedded in a non-Darcy porous medium including Soret and Dufour effects is theoretically and numerically studied. The resulting governing equations are non-dimensionalized and transformed into non-similar form and then solved numerically using the extensively validated, robust Sparrow-Quack-Boerner local nonsimilarity method (LNM). Dimensionless velocity (f /), temperature () and concentration () are all increased with distance along the sphere surface from the lower stagnation point ( ~0) but decrease continuously with distance into the boundary layer (i.e. with  coordinate). An increase in Darcy number (Da) increases velocity (f /) but causes a reduction in temperature () and concentration () values throughout the regime normal to the sphere surface i.e. with  coordinate. An increase in Prandtl number (Pr) substantially decreases temperature (). Negative transpiration (injection) i.e. fw 0 causes an increase in velocity (f /) whereas positive transpiration (suction) i.e. fw > 0, at the sphere surface decelerates the flow i.e. reduces velocity (f/). Increasing Schmidt number (Sc) decreases the concentration () values for all . An increase in the concentration to thermal buoyancy ratio parameter, N, causes a reduction in velocity (f /), temperature () and concentration (). Increasing magnetic parameter (M) strongly decelerates the flow throughout the boundary layer. Increasing Dufour number (Du) and simultaneously decreasing Soret number (Sr) significantly increases temperature (), although no temperature overshoot is identified. An increase in Soret number (Sr) and simultaneous decrease in Dufour number (Du) induces a strong rise in concentration value (); for Sr > 1 a significant concentration overshoot occurs near the sphere surface. Increasing Forchheimer inertial drag parameter () reduces flow velocity (f /) but increases temperature () throughout the regime. Applications of the study include magnetic materials processing and electromagnetic control of waste migration.

Theeffectsofbothfirst-andsecond-orderresistance,duetothesolidmatrixofnon-Darcyporousmedia,viscousdis-sipation,Ohmicheating,andtemperature-dependentviscosityonlaminarmixedconvectionboundarylayerflowandheattransferonacontinuouslymovingverticalsurface,havebeenstudied.Thefluidviscosityisassumedtovaryasaninverselinearfunctionoftemperatureundertheactionofatransversemagneticfield.Localsimilaritysolutionsareobtainedfortheboundarylayerequationsgoverningtheflowalongamovingverticalisothermalsurfacewithuniformelocity.Theeffectsofvariousparameters,suchasthefirst-andsecond-ordersolidmatrixresistance,magneticfield,Eckertnumber,buoyancyforce,andviscosity/temperatureparameter,onthevelocityandtemperatureprofilesaswellastheskinfrictioncoefficientandwallheattransferarepresentedgraphicallyandintabularform

The pres ent in ves ti ga tion deals with ob tain the so lu tion nat u ral con vec tion bound - ary layer flow of a micropolar fluid with thermophoresis. The sim i lar ity method is used to ob tain so lu tion for the gov ern ing equa tion. Four dif fer ent cases of flows have been stud ied namely a ver ti cal iso ther mal sur face, ver ti cal sur face with uni - form heat flux, a plane plume and flow gen er ated from a hor i zon tal sur face. Nu mer - i cal com pu ta tions are car ried out for the non-di men sional phys i cal pa ram e ter. The re sults are an a lyzed for the ef fect of dif fer ent phys i cal pa ram e ters such as thermophoresis, Prandtl num ber, microrotation pa ram e ter, buoy ancy pa ram e ter and Shmidt num ber of the fluid.

The linear transformation group approach is developed to simulate problem of hydromagnetic heat transfer by mixed convection along vertical plate in a liquid saturated porous medium in the presence of melting and thermal radiation effects for opposing external flow. The application of a one-parameter transformation group reduces the number of independent variables by one so that the governing partial differential equations with the boundary conditions reduce to an ordinary differential equations with appropriate corresponding conditions. The Runge-Kutta shooting method is used to solve the determining equations of the set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. are presented in the form of the temperature and flow fields in the melting region within the boundary layer for different parameters entering into the analysis. Also the effects of the pertinent parameters on the rate of the heat transfer in terms of the local Nusselt number at the solid–liquid interface are also discussed.

The linear transformation group approach is developed to simulate problem of hydromagnetic heat transfer by mixed convection along vertical plate in a liquid saturated porous medium in the presence of melting and thermal radiation effects for opposing external flow. The application of a one-parameter transformation group reduces the number of independent variables by one so that the governing partial differential equations with the boundary conditions reduce to an ordinary differential equations with appropriate corresponding conditions. The Runge-Kutta shooting method is used to solve the determining equations of the set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. are presented in the form of the temperature and flow fields in the melting region within the boundary layer for different parameters entering into the analysis. Also the effects of the pertinent parameters on the rate of the heat transfer in terms of the local Nusselt number at the solid–liquid interface are also discussed.

We examine the combined effects of Soret and Dufour diffusion and porous impedance on laminar magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection heat and mass transfer of an electrically-conducting, Newtonian, Boussinesq fluid from a vertical stretching surface in a Darcian porous medium under uniform transverse magnetic field. By applying two equal and opposing forces along the x-axis, the sheet is stretched with a speed proportional to the distance from the fixed origin x = 0. The steady-state boundary layer equations are non-dimensionalized into non-similar form and then solved numerically by the local non-similarity method with shooting quadrature. The effects of the Darcian linear porous drag parameter (Da), Soret number (Sr), Dufour number (Du), Prandtl number (Pr), Schmidt number (Sc), magnetohydrodynamic parameter (M) and concentration-to-thermal-buoyancy ratio parameter (N), on the fluid velocity, temperature, concentration, local skin friction, Nusselt number function and Sherwood number function distributions in the regime are depicted graphically and analyzed in detail. Applications of the study include magnetic materials processing and chemical engineering systems.