Simvastatin (SV) is a poorly soluble drug; its oral administration is associated with a significant problem: Myopathy. The present study aims to formulate SV microsponges that have the potential to minimize the myotoxicity accompanying the oral administration of the drug. SV microsponges were prepared by exploiting the emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The % entrapment efficiency (%EE) of the drug approached 82.54 ± 1.27%, the mean particle size of SV microsponges ranged from 53.80 ± 6.35 to 86.03 ± 4.79 µm in diameter, and the % cumulative drug release (%CDR) of SV from microsponges was significantly higher than that from free drug dispersion much more, the specific surface area of the optimized microsponges formulation was found to be 16.6 m²/g revealed the porosity of prepared microsponges. Histological and glycogen histochemical studies in the skeletal muscles of male albino rats revealed that microsponges were safer than free SV in minimizing myotoxicity. These findings were proven by Gene expression of Mitochondrial fusion and fission (Mfn1) & (Fis1) and (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α) PGC-1α. Finally, our study ascertained that SV microsponges significantly decreased the myotoxicity of SV.

Sex pheromones play a crucial role in species recognition and reproductive isolation. Despite being largely species-specific in drosophilids, the mechanisms underlying pheromone detection, production, and their influence on mating behavior remain poorly understood. Here, we compare the chemical profiles of Drosophila bipectinata and D. melanogaster, the mating behaviors in both species, as well as the tuning properties of Or67d receptors, which are expressed by neurons in antennal trichoid sensilla at1. Through single sensillum recordings, we demonstrate that the D. bipectinata Or67d-ortholog exhibits similar sensitivity to cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA) as compared to D. melanogaster but in addition also responds uniquely to (Z)-11-eicosen-1-yl-acetate (Z11-20:Ac), a compound exclusively produced by D. bipectinata males. Through courtship behavior assays we found that, surprisingly, perfuming the flies with Z11-20:Ac did not reveal any aphrodisiacal or anti-aphrodisiacal effects in mating assays. The behavioral relevance of at1 neuron channels in D. bipectinata compared to D. melanogaster seems to be restricted to its formerly shown function as an aggregation pheromone. Moreover, the non-specific compound cVA affected copulation negatively in D. bipectinata and could potentially act as a premating isolation barrier. As both ligands of Or67d seem to govern different behaviors in D. bipectinata, additional neurons detecting at least one of those compounds might be involved. These results underscore the complexity of chemical signaling in species recognition and raise intriguing questions about the evolutionary implications of pheromone detection pathways in Drosophila species.

A starchy food waste containing mainly cooked wasted rice (WR) was exploited for bioethanol production using
novel yeast strains was investigated. Different pretreatment schemes of the waste at solids loading 10%–30% TS
WR (w/v) i.e. enzymatic, thermochemical and combined thermochemical/enzymatic pretreatment, were evaluated
aiming to the maximum liberation of fermentable carbohydrates and their subsequent bioconversion to
ethanol. Fermentation tests of the whole pretreated slurries were initially performed with the yeasts strains that
were identified as Kluyveromyces marxianus isolate V3-19, Pichia kudriavzevii strain YF1702 and K. marxianus
strain TTG-428, and their fermentation efficiencies (FE) were comparatively assessed. It was shown that the
combined pretreatment led to the maximum saccharification, whereas FEs were higher for K. marxianus, V3-19,
exceeding 90% of the theoretical maximum. In the case of the highest organic loading of WR, though, up to 25%
of soluble carbohydrates remained unexploitable after 72 h of fermentation, indicating that kinetic restrictions
occurred in the process. Further experiments with the hydrolysates that were recovered after combined pretreatment,
revealed that the removal of solids enhances the consumption of sugars and leads to complete uptake
for the loading 20% TS WR (w/v).