The effect of the electrical currents 3, 5 and 10 mA on glycogen, nonglycogen polysaccharides and total protein contents of hind limb regeneration in a premetamorphic stage (stage 56) and a metamorphic stage (stage 58) of the Egyptian toad, Bufo regularis Reuss was studied after amputation at the distal third of the thigh and mid shank levels. The amount of glycogen, mucopolysaccharides and total protein in the various tissues of limb regenerates was increased after 15 days of amputation that those of after five days both in control and experimental cases. It was suggested that the increase in polysaccharides and proteins are due to the restoration of aerobic cellular respiration and the relatively slow rate of building up new cells. Stimulation of the amputated limbs at the shank level was slightly more obvious than that at the thigh level.

Glycogen and polysaccharides were found to be lesser after seven days of amputation than those after fifteen days due to the absence of aerobic cellular respiration in the former series. Proteins also were found to be lesser in amount after seven days of amputation than those of fifteen days due to the high rate of cell proliferation in the former series

Glycogen and polysaccharides were found to be lesser after seven days of amputation than those after fifteen days due to the absence of aerobic cellular respiration in the former series. Proteins also were found to be lesser in amount after seven days of amputation than those of fifteen days due to the high rate of cell proliferation in the former series

The fully developed oral disc of tadpoles of Bufo regularis consists of dorsal and ventral labia bearing, respectively, two and three ridges with numerous horny denticles having a dental formula , many lateral papillae on the dorsal and ventral labia that may have a sensory function, and a horny beak provided with jaw sheath serrations. At metamorphosis, these structures regress and disappear. Keratinization of the labial denticles and the beak serrations of the labial teeth occurs by the activity of the tonofilaments, while keratinization of the beak serration takes place by the cytoplasmic free ribosomes.

The fully developed oral disc of tadpoles of Bufo regularis consists of dorsal and ventral labia bearing, respectively, two and three ridges with numerous horny denticles having a dental formula , many lateral papillae on the dorsal and ventral labia that may have a sensory function, and a horny beak provided with jaw sheath serrations. At metamorphosis, these structures regress and disappear. Keratinization of the labial denticles and the beak serrations of the labial teeth occurs by the activity of the tonofilaments, while keratinization of the beak serration takes place by the cytoplasmic free ribosomes.

Three direct electrical currents, 3mA, 5mA and 10mA were applied to the amputated hind limbs of tadpole larvae (stage number 58) of the Egyptian toad, Bufo regularis Reuss to study their effects on restoration of the regenerative ability after transection at the knee joint level. 5mA current was found to be the most enhancing one. The present results were compared with the results of earlier studies for the same stage. It is suggested that, electrical stimulation enhances limb regeneration and cartilage formation in hind limbs of a metamorphic stage (number 58) ) of Bufo regularis after transection at the knee joint level and that the strength of the electrical current needed to evoke the regenerative ability decreases along the proximodistal axis of the amputated limb.

The effect of insulin on limb regeneration of a metamorphic stage of the tadpoles of the Egyptian toad, Bufo regularis Reuss was studied by using a single dose of insulin (1 µl/individual) after amputation at the mid shank. Insulin was found to increase the regenerative power of the amputated limbs and enhance the formation of large amounts of cartilage. One case of the treated animals regenerated four toes, while four other cases restored part of the foot, which was not seen in the control group. The nature of the effect of insulin was discussed.

Dobutamine (DBT) is a sympathomimetic amine drug that was designed as an inotropic agent for use in con-gestive heart failure.Hence, there wasan impetus to developarapid andaccurate methodfor monitoring theconcentration of DBT within clinical samples. To address this critical need, a novel In2O3and functionalizedmulti-walledcarbonnanotubesnanocomposite(In2O3@FMWCNTs)wassuccessfullypreparedandappliedinanelectrochemical sensor to detect DBT. The resulting sensor displayed electrocatalytic toward the oxidation ofDBT,whichattributedtothesynergisticeffectofIn2O3andFMWCNTs.Electrochemicalimpedancespectroscopy(EIS)studiesrevealedthatthesmallerchargetransferresistancevalue(Rct)wasobservedatIn2O3@FMWCNTsmodified glassy carbon spherical (GCS) paste electrode (PE) as compared to that of In2O3NPs/GCSPE,FMWCNTs/GCSPEandGCSPE,whichauthenticatesitsgoodconductivity.Furthermore,thecalculatedvalueofstandardrateconstant(ks)forthemodifiedelectrodedemonstratesthefastelectrontransferbetweenDBTandthe electrode surface. The fabricated electrochemical sensor indicated high selectivity and sensitivity for DBTdetermination over the oxidation of uric acid and ascorbic acid. The limit of detection of DBT at In2O3@FMWCNTs/GCSPEwasfoundtobe1.42×10−10M.TheproposedsensoriseffectivelyusedforthedetectionofDBTinbiologicalfluids,clinicalpatient bloodandin injectiondosageform.

Dobutamine (DBT) is a sympathomimetic amine drug that was designed as an inotropic agent for use in con-gestive heart failure.Hence, there wasan impetus to developarapid andaccurate methodfor monitoring theconcentration of DBT within clinical samples. To address this critical need, a novel In2O3and functionalizedmulti-walledcarbonnanotubesnanocomposite(In2O3@FMWCNTs)wassuccessfullypreparedandappliedinanelectrochemical sensor to detect DBT. The resulting sensor displayed electrocatalytic toward the oxidation ofDBT,whichattributedtothesynergisticeffectofIn2O3andFMWCNTs.Electrochemicalimpedancespectroscopy(EIS)studiesrevealedthatthesmallerchargetransferresistancevalue(Rct)wasobservedatIn2O3@FMWCNTsmodified glassy carbon spherical (GCS) paste electrode (PE) as compared to that of In2O3NPs/GCSPE,FMWCNTs/GCSPEandGCSPE,whichauthenticatesitsgoodconductivity.Furthermore,thecalculatedvalueofstandardrateconstant(ks)forthemodifiedelectrodedemonstratesthefastelectrontransferbetweenDBTandthe electrode surface. The fabricated electrochemical sensor indicated high selectivity and sensitivity for DBTdetermination over the oxidation of uric acid and ascorbic acid. The limit of detection of DBT at In2O3@FMWCNTs/GCSPEwasfoundtobe1.42×10−10M.TheproposedsensoriseffectivelyusedforthedetectionofDBTinbiologicalfluids,clinicalpatient bloodandin injectiondosageform.

Detailed field, litho-, bio-stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental studies on the Maastrichtian-Paleocene successions exposed at El-Qasr, Abu Tartur, Gabal El-Aguz and Darb Gaga sections at Kharga-Dakhla region, Western Desert, Egypt are attempted. Three rock units are recognized; Dakhla, Kurkur and Tarawan formations. Eight calcareous nannofossil and ten planktonic foraminiferal zones are recorded and integrated to determine a precise age dating. Four benthonic foraminiferal biofacies (A, B, C and D) are reconstructed using the R-mode (species) hierarchical cluster analysis. These biofacies along with the relative abundance of the calcareous nannofossil species are used to interpret the paleoenvironmental conditions as well as the depositional settings prevailed during deposition of the studied successions. The integration of these data led to the identification of significant hiatuses which could be linked to two syn-sedimentary tectonic events Tectonic Event I and II). Tectonic Event I at the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary has a regional effect and led to expose the southern part of the Tethys margin which is represented by the present study area. Throughout the Early Danian, the sedimentary basin could be divided into two sub-basins at El-Qasr and G. El-Aguz sections separated by two sub-marine paleohighs at Abu Tartur and Darb Gaga sections which represented the northern extensions of the southern shallow Garra El-Arbain Facies. The effect of Tectonic Event II initialized at Danian and continued throughout Thanetian. This event is restricted to the eastern part at Darb Gaga and G. El-Aguz sections forming an areal paleohigh at Darb Gaga and a sub-marine paleohigh at G. El-Aguz sections.