To cope better with desert harsh conditions or to improve their growth magnitude and productivity, jojoba plants might need some aid. One week drought, over a period of two months, was stressful as it induced severe growth inhibition compared with maintained 50% field capacity. In addition, jojoba sustained growth throughout the whole experimental period (4 months) relying on a minimum of nitrate (tap water or 25% Hoagland concentration). Extra nitrate (1 25%) was stimulatory to growth in full hydration and may overcome growth inhibition in partial hydration but not in drought. The osmoregulants (soluble sugars, proline and amino acids), membrane properties (leakage of K, electrolytes and UV absorbing metabolites as well as lipid peroxidation) and antioxidants (phenolics, catalase, guiacol peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity) were assessed to evaluate drought stress impacts. They did not respond identically to drought leading to confusion which is most-expressing manifestation of drought stress. From which, enhanced proline accumulation and lipid peroxidation with inhibited ascorbate peroxidase displayed a clear cut and reliable stress biomarkers. The antioxidant phenolics increased with increasing nitrate in water-stressed jojoba leaves (50% field capacity or one week drought). Nitrate may participate in scavenging electrons since lipid peroxidation was lowered at high nitrate levels.

To cope better with desert harsh conditions or to improve their growth magnitude and productivity, jojoba plants might need some aid. One week drought, over a period of two months, was stressful as it induced severe growth inhibition compared with maintained 50% field capacity. In addition, jojoba sustained growth throughout the whole experimental period (4 months) relying on a minimum of nitrate (tap water or 25% Hoagland concentration). Extra nitrate (1 25%) was stimulatory to growth in full hydration and may overcome growth inhibition in partial hydration but not in drought. The osmoregulants (soluble sugars, proline and amino acids), membrane properties (leakage of K, electrolytes and UV absorbing metabolites as well as lipid peroxidation) and antioxidants (phenolics, catalase, guiacol peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity) were assessed to evaluate drought stress impacts. They did not respond identically to drought leading to confusion which is most-expressing manifestation of drought stress. From which, enhanced proline accumulation and lipid peroxidation with inhibited ascorbate peroxidase displayed a clear cut and reliable stress biomarkers. The antioxidant phenolics increased with increasing nitrate in water-stressed jojoba leaves (50% field capacity or one week drought). Nitrate may participate in scavenging electrons since lipid peroxidation was lowered at high nitrate levels.

To cope better with desert harsh conditions or to improve their growth magnitude and productivity, jojoba plants might need some aid. One week drought, over a period of two months, was stressful as it induced severe growth inhibition compared with maintained 50% field capacity. In addition, jojoba sustained growth throughout the whole experimental period (4 months) relying on a minimum of nitrate (tap water or 25% Hoagland concentration). Extra nitrate (1 25%) was stimulatory to growth in full hydration and may overcome growth inhibition in partial hydration but not in drought. The osmoregulants (soluble sugars, proline and amino acids), membrane properties (leakage of K, electrolytes and UV absorbing metabolites as well as lipid peroxidation) and antioxidants (phenolics, catalase, guiacol peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity) were assessed to evaluate drought stress impacts. They did not respond identically to drought leading to confusion which is most-expressing manifestation of drought stress. From which, enhanced proline accumulation and lipid peroxidation with inhibited ascorbate peroxidase displayed a clear cut and reliable stress biomarkers. The antioxidant phenolics increased with increasing nitrate in water-stressed jojoba leaves (50% field capacity or one week drought). Nitrate may participate in scavenging electrons since lipid peroxidation was lowered at high nitrate levels.

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Sand culture technique was employed to investigate the effect of filter mud cake (FMC) from Qus sugarcane factory as fertilizer on water content, dry matter, chlorophylls content and some carbon and nitrogen metabolites in carrot (Daucus carota) and beet (Beta vulgaris) plants. The investigations were carried out under natural conditions using the FMC of Qus sugarcane factory at Qena governorate. The FMC was mixed with sand soil at three levels: 10%, 30% and 50%. The sand soil was used without FMC as control. Results revealed that the amendment of soil with FMC slightly reduced pH of soil and increased electric conductivity (EC), organic matter (O.M), total nitrogen and organic carbon (O.C) with increasing the FMC level. Dry mass and water content of both tested plants increased significantly by FMC treatment as comparing with control plants. The investigated plants grown on soil amended with FMC levels showed highly significant increase in both chlorophylls content a and b than in control plants in both experimental plants. Whereas chlorophyll a/b ratio and proline content was decreased signifi-cantly. Results indicated also that the soluble sugars, proteins and total amino acids were increased significantly by FMC application in both experimental plants comparing with those grown in unlamented soil. It can be concluded that application of FMC as fertilizer improved the physico-chemical properties of the reclaimed soil to be more suitable for cultivation

Filter mud cake (FMC) collected from Qus sugarcane factory at Qena in Egypt was
applied in a pot experiment to investigate the uptake and distribution of certain mineral
nutrients and some heavy metals in different organs of both experimental plants. The filter
mud cake was mixed with sand at three levels: 10%, 30% and 50% and the sand was used
(without FMC) as control. Our results showed that amendment the sandy soil with filter mud
cake resulted in increasing in K and, Ca contents in both experimental plants. Moreover, Mg
content had irregular behavior by decrease or increase. Na content- in contrast to Ca and K
showed significant decrease of carrot and sugar beet plants. The distribution of Na and K was
in another way, and mostly Na accumulated in roots while more K transported into shoots of
both plants. Results indicated also that Na/K ratio was higher in plant roots than in shoots.
Data revealed that FMC stimulated the accumulation of Cl, PO4 and SO4 content in two tested
plants as compared with control. Mg, Ca, Cl, SO4 and PO4 distributed in shoots and roots with
significant change from the roots toward the shoots. Generally, FMC treatments increased Zn,
Cu, Pb and Cd accumulation in carrot and sugar beet plants compared to control. Correlation
analysis between the contents of heavy metals in both organs of carrot and sugar beet plants and
that in the sand-FMC mixture showed different relationships.

The recognition of how glyphosate affect mosquito ecology and behavior is limited. Thus, in this study, we evaluated the
toxicity of six selected pesticides plus combination with glyphosate on 4th instar larvae of Culex pipiens after 24, 48, and 72-h
exposure. As a result, Sulfoxaflor + spinetoram and abamectin were the most toxic pesticides (LC50 was 0.084 and 0.088
ng/ml after 24-h exposure, respectively). After 48-h exposure, emamectin benzoate was the most powerful pesticide (LC50
was 0.0036 ng/ml), while sulfoxaflor + spinetoram, abamectin, and spinosad were the modest pesticides. Further,
imidacloprid was the lowest toxic pesticide (LC50 was 5.57 ng/ml). However, similar trend was achieved after 72-h exposure.
In combination with glyphosate, it significantly synergized the selected pesticides except spinosad and emamectin benzoate
after 24-h exposure. After 48 and 72-h exposure, glyphosate synergized significantly most of the selected pesticides except
spinosad (LC50 was 0.052 and 0.01 while synergistic ratio (SR) was 0.38 and 0.30 after 48 and 72-h exposure, respectively).
Based on the LT50 values, emamectin benzoate and abamectin demonstrated high efficiency against Culex pipiens (42.60 and
43.61 hours), and imidacloprid was the least effective (232.08 hours). Whereby, in the combination with glyphosate,
sulfoxaflor + spinetoram and emamectin benzoate revealed the high potency against Culex pipiens (39.16 and 43.77 hours),
and imidacloprid remain with the same trend of efficacy as lowest effective selected pesticide towards Culex pipiens (563.30
hours). Further biochemical and molecular biological experiments needs to be done for better understanding of the
mechanism of glyphosate on Culex pipiens mosquito.

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