We introduce entangled pair coherent states of a noncommutative harmonic oscillator operators associated with a q-deformed oscillator algebra. The definition of two-mode q-deformed operator and the decomposition of its eigenstates in terms of the q-deformed Fock states are obtained. The general solution of the recurrence relation of the first nondeformed quadrature is obtained. The asymptotic behavior of the general solution is studied, a complete expansion is derived, and also representations of the general solution in terms of the Gauss hypergeometric function are given. Also, we prove that the general solution is related to Meixner-Pollaczek orthogonal polynomial and calculate the weight function. The photons number distribution, the second order correlation function and the optical tomogram of the entangled pair coherent states are discussed. The recurrence relation for the first q-deformed quadrature is inferred. We evaluate the eigenstate of the q-deformed quadrature operator and give a numerical study for the optical tomogram of the q-deformed of the entangled pair coherent states. Finally, we show the change of the parameters in the entangled pair coherent states that connected with physical quantities and explain how they affect the format of optimal tomography.

Three species of freshwater planktonic green microalgae: Ankistrodesmus braunii, Ankistrodesmus falcatus, and Scenedesmus incrassatulus, were isolated from the Nile water in Upper Egypt. These microalgae were exposed to nutritional (nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron) limitations and salinity stress to study their effects on the algal growth and to elevate the lipid content within their cells. The results indicated that exposure to these conditions had a significant impact on the algal growth. The lipid content of the studied algae increased as a result of the salinity stress. The highest lipid content was recorded in A. braunii culture treated with 50 mM NaCl (34.4% of dry weight) and S. incrassatulus cultures treated with 100 mM NaCl (37.7% of dry weight) on the 6th day of cultivation, while the culture of A. falcatus treated with 100 mM NaCl recorded the maximum lipid content (53% of dry weight) on the 10th day of the experiment. The biodiesel quality parameters of the fatty acid methyl ester profile of S. incrassatulus appeared to be in agreement with the international criteria. S. incrassatulus could be regarded as a quite promising feedstock for the biodiesel production.

There is a growing interest for the utilization of brown macroalgae for integrated production of various value-added products with zero waste generation. Therefore, the biorefinery waste of Sargassum latifolium after the sequential extraction of polyphenols, fucoidan, and alginate was utilized for the preparation of an environmentally benign xerogel using wastepaper. The adsorption efficiency of the xerogel for Methylene Blue (MB) and Congo Red (CR) was successfully evaluated using Box-Behnken experimental design. Under the optimized conditions, the maximum MB removal was 92.54% compared with 94.97% for CR for the single system and for the binary system the maximum bioremoval was 97.16% and 87.66% for MB and CR, respectively. The maximum dye adsorption (q_e) for MB and CR in a single system was 8.54 mg g⁻¹ and 20.97 mg g⁻¹ at pH 5.0, respectively, while the q_e was reduced in the binary system due to antagonistic interaction. The kinetics of MB and CR biosorption from single and binary systems were better represented by the pseudo-second order model. The adsorption mechanism was predominantly intraparticle diffusion, but the effect of the external mass transfer was significant. Langmuir, Freundlich, Langmuir-Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms were able to represent the experimental data, but they differ in priority depending on dye type and pH. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process was endothermic, except MB in a single system. The developed xerogel is an environmentally benign biosorbent suitable for cationic and anionic dye removal from single or multicomponent dye containing effluents.

In this study, citric acid was applied as a safe organic acid for the treatment of the brown macroalga Sargassum latifolium to facilitate the sequential extraction of fucoidan and alginate without cross contamination. Box-Behnken experimental design was used to investigate the effects of citric acid concentration, temperature, and time on fucoidan yield, its fucose and sulfate contents, and molecular weight (MW), while the investigated responses of the sequentially extracted alginate were yield, mannuronic/guluronic acid ratio (M/G) and MW. Under the optimized conditions, the fucoidan yield, fucose content, sulfate content, and MW were 6.55%, 21.01%, 30.92% and 7.12 × 10³ Da, respectively, while alginate yield, M/G, and MW were 28.81%, 0.36, and 1.50 × 10⁵ Da, respectively. The optimized products showed good Fe(III) chelating properties and the iron contents were 509.82 mg g⁻¹ for fucoidan-Fe and 406.71 ± 5.18 mg g⁻¹ for alginate-Fe. Under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, fucoidan-Fe and alginate-Fe complexes released 46 and 57% iron, respectively, which are nutritionally relevant amounts. Both fucoidan and alginate showed potent antioxidant properties, but their Fe complexes exhibited a reduced activity. The results of the present study indicated that citric acid could support the basis for an economical biorefinery process for the sequential extraction of fucoidan and alginate. Additionally, these polysaccharides could be good candidates for the preparations of iron supplements.

There is a growing concern regarding the adverse effects of pharmaceutical pollution on aquatic environments. The present study investigated the toxicity of different antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on two green algae namely Chlorella sp. and Desmodesmus spinosus. Based on the 96h IC₅₀ values of the two chlorophytes, tetracycline (TET) was more toxic than other antibiotics (ciprofloxacin (CPF) and amoxicillin (AMX)), while paracetamol (PAR) was more toxic than ketoprofen (KET) and diclofenac (DIF). Gross photosynthesis was markedly reduced with most of the investigated drugs, although, the Chl a content was stimulated in a dose-dependent manner. Algal treated cells exhibited elevated malonaldehyde content which reflected several structural and functional cellular damages. Catalase and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were involved in the reduction of reactive oxygen species, but the effects of APX were more pronounced at low drug concentrations. Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed to investigate the combined toxicities of PAR, KET, AMX and TET on D. spinosus in response to growth inhibition and pigment increase. The mutual interactions varied between synergism and antagonism. The BBD analysis indicated that the experimental design could be effectively utilized as a useful tool for ecotoxicological assessment.

Beyond being an excellent protective material for bioentities, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8) have advanced several applications, including biomedical applications. The straightforward synthesis of ZIF-8 at mild conditions improved the biomineralization of several biomolecules, e.g., protein, peptides, carbohydrate, and biological cells, such as viruses and bacterial cells. Bioinspiration of ZIF-8 enhanced and improved the material's applications for biomedicine. This review article summarized the recent achievements of ZIF-8 for biomedical applications, such as cancer therapy, antimicrobial, biosensing, and biocatalysis. ZIF8-based materials advanced cancer therapy via drug delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs, photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), hemodynamic therapy (CDT), gene therapy, and starvation therapy. Antibacterial agent encapsulated ZIF-8 exhibited superior biological activity compared to the free antibacterial agents. ZIF-8 based materials enhanced the selectivity and sensitivity for analytes' biosensing, ensuring their potential for electronic devices. Biocatalysis of enzyme encapsulated ZIF-8 offered high catalytic performance with robust properties for recycling. ZIF-8 acts as a protective host for enzymes, proteins, and drugs from degradation induced due to temperature, solvents, and proteolytic agents. The first part of the review discussed the structure, chemistry, and bioinspiration of ZIF-8. The second part reviewed the biomedical applications of ZIF-8. The potential risks and current challenges of using ZIF-8 for biomedical applications were also reviewed.