1-Hydrazino-3-thioxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline-4-carbonitrile (3) was subjected to react with
bifunctional compounds namely: acetylacetone, ethyl cyanoacetate, ethyl benzoylactate, diethylmalonate
and ethyl acetoacetate to produce pyrazololthienotetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives 6e11. Also, heating
of compound (3) with formic acid afforded triazolothienotetrahydroisoquinoline compound 5 which
reacted with a-halogenated compounds to afford compounds 13aee. Compound 13c when heated with
triethylorthoformate afforded triazolo derivative 14. Also, compound 6 was used for synthesizing
compounds 18e20. Representative compounds of the synthesized triazolo and pyrazolothienotetrahydroisoquinoline
products were tested and evaluated as antimicrobial agents.

1-Hydrazino-3-thioxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline-4-carbonitrile (3) was subjected to react with
bifunctional compounds namely: acetylacetone, ethyl cyanoacetate, ethyl benzoylactate, diethylmalonate
and ethyl acetoacetate to produce pyrazololthienotetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives 6e11. Also, heating
of compound (3) with formic acid afforded triazolothienotetrahydroisoquinoline compound 5 which
reacted with a-halogenated compounds to afford compounds 13aee. Compound 13c when heated with
triethylorthoformate afforded triazolo derivative 14. Also, compound 6 was used for synthesizing
compounds 18e20. Representative compounds of the synthesized triazolo and pyrazolothienotetrahydroisoquinoline
products were tested and evaluated as antimicrobial agents.

Rotten onion bulbs were collected from different markets in Assuit governorate and screened for the presence of
phytopathogenic bacteria using yeast extract-dextrose-calcium carbonate medium and King’s medium B. Thirtyfive
bacterial isolates were recovered from 15 onion bulb samples. Twenty-five bacterial isolates were classified as
putative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ten other unidentified bacteria were isolated at the same time and designated
as Gram negative bacteria and nonflourescents. None of these bacteria have been reported as being pathogenic
and it is likely that these other bacteria were present as concomitant/commensal bacteria. The causal agent of
onion bulb rot was identified as Pseudomonas based on phenotypic characteristics. One representative isolate of
these has been further identified as a Pseudomonas aeruginosa by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The bacteria
have the ability to grow in a temperature range of 4
438C, with optimal growth at 378C. Virulence of the
Pseudomonas aeruginosa was also confirmed by the production and secretion of a large variety of enzymes
capable of degrading the complex polysaccharides of the plant cell wall and membrane constituents. Scanning
electron micrographs indicated that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were able to abundantly colonize the
internal tissue of fleshy scales of onion bulbs. The virulence of the pathogen may be attributed to biofilm
formation on the plant cell wall via fibrous materials as revealed by scanning electron microscopy as well as high
activity of proteases, lipase, pectinases, and alkaline phosphates. This is the first evidence showing that a
Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain E can cause soft rot of onion bulbs.

The immunological roles of B-cells are being revealed as increasingly complex by functions that are largely beyond their commitment to differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies, the key molecular protagonists of innate immunity, and also by their compartmentalisation, a more recently acknowledged property of this immune cell category. For decades, B-cells have been recognised by their expression of an immunoglobulin that serves the function of an antigen receptor, which mediates intracellular signalling assisted by companion molecules. As such, B-cells were considered simple in their functioning compared to the other major type of immune cell, the T-lymphocytes, which comprise conventional T-lymphocyte subsets with seminal roles in homeostasis and pathology, and non-conventional T-lymphocyte subsets for which increasing knowledge is accumulating. Since the discovery that the B-cell family included two distinct categories --- the non-conventional, or extrafollicular, B1 cells, that have mainly been characterised in the mouse; and the conventional, or lymph node type, B2 cells --- plus the detailed description of the main B-cell regulator, FcgammaRIIb, and the function of CD40+ antigen presenting cells as committed/memory B-cells, progress in B-cell physiology has been slower than in other areas of immunology. Cellular and molecular tools have enabled the revival of innate immunity by allowing almost all aspects of cellular immunology to be re-visited. As such, B-cells were found to express "Pathogen Recognition Receptors" such as TLRs, and use them in concert with B-cell signalling during innate and adaptive immunity. An era of B-cell phenotypic and functional analysis thus began that encompassed the study of B-cell microanatomy principally in the lymph nodes, spleen and mucosae. The novel discovery of the differential localisation of B-cells with distinct phenotypes and functions revealed the compartmentalisation of B-cells. This review thus aims to describe novel findings regarding the B-cell compartments found in the mouse as a model organism, and in human physiology and pathology. It must be emphasised that some differences are noticeable between the mouse and human systems, thus increasing the complexity of B-cell compartmentalisation. Special attention will be given to the (lymph node and spleen) marginal zones, which represent major crossroads for B-cell types and functions and a challenge for understanding better the role of B-cell specificities in innate and adaptive immunology.

Bacterial contamination of fresh tomato
fruits is of great concern. From naturally infected
tomato fruits showing dark brown irregularly shaped
spots, 36 bacterial isolates were recovered and
identified on phenotypic characteristics and sequences
of the gene encoding the 16S rRNA. Five isolates
showing spots on tomato fruits in the pathogenicity
test with healthy tomato fruits belong to the genus
Serratia on the basis of phenotypic characteristics.
One representative isolate of these has been further
identified as a Serratia rubidaea by sequencing of the
16S rRNA gene. This is the first evidence showing
that a S. rubidaea strain can cause spots on tomato
fruits. Virulence of the S. rubidaea was also confirmed
by the production and secretion of a large
variety of enzymes capable of degrading the complex
polysaccharides of the plant cell wall and membrane
constituents. Nineteen bacterial isolates of the 36 did
not induce any spot symptoms in a pathogenicity test
on artificially infected tomato fruits although these are
known as phytopathogenic bacteria. Five of these 19
bacterial isolates were identified as Ralstonia species on the basis of biochemical tests. Sequencing of the
16S ribosomal gene of one representative isolate
revealed that the isolate is closely related to Ralstonia
solanacearum. Six isolates of the 19 were related to
Xanthomonas vesicatoria on the basis of biochemical
tests and eight were related to the Enterobacteriaceae.
One representative isolate of the Enterobacteriaceae
could be identified by the 16S rRNA gene as
Enterobacter cloacae subsp. dissolvens. The 12 other
strains were related to Proteus mirabilis based on the
16S RNA gene sequence of one representative isolate.
The isolates related to P. mirabilis did not produce
any symptoms on artificially infected tomato fruits.
The nucleotide sequences of S. rubidaea strain E9, E.
cloacae strain E23, P. mirabilis strain E11, and R.
solanacearum strain E15 have been deposited in the
GenBank nucleotide sequence database under accession
numbers HM585373 to HM585376.

This work is focused on flow and mass transfer of a second grade fluid in a porous medium over a
nonlinear stretching sheet with chemically reactive species and suction. The governing partial differential
equations are transformed into highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using special
transformations, which are solved numerically using a finite difference code. Favorable comparison
with previously published work (n = 10 linear stretching sheet) is performed and the variations
of dimensionless concentration and velocity profiles as well as mass transfer characteristics with
various parameters are graphed and tabulated.

The experiment was designed to evaluate the role of garlic oil which contain high contens of sulphur componds for the control of blood glucose levels and oxidative stress that induced in rats by alloxan. The study conclude that garlic oil has the capacity to ameliorate the oxidative stress by increasing the antioxidant contens and reduced the free radicals production. Also, control the blood glucose levels may be by mechanism id dependt on insluin.

The experiment was designed to evaluate the role of garlic oil which contain high contens of sulphur componds for the control of blood glucose levels and oxidative stress that induced in rats by alloxan. The study conclude that garlic oil has the capacity to ameliorate the oxidative stress by increasing the antioxidant contens and reduced the free radicals production. Also, control the blood glucose levels may be by mechanism id dependt on insluin.

The kinetics of formation of intermediate complexes during the oxidation of iota- and lambdacarrageenan
sulfated polysaccharides (CAR) as natural polymers by alkaline permanganate at pH’s ≥12
have been investigated using a conventional spectrophotometer. The reactions showed first-order dependences
in permanganate and fractional-first-order kinetics with respect to carrageenans concentration.
Kinetic and spectrophotometric evidences revealed the formation of intermediate complexes involving
green manganate (VI) and/or blue hypomanganate (V) short-lived transient species. The influence of pH
on the oxidation rates indicated that the formation of complexes is base-catalyzed. The kinetic parameters
have been evaluated and mechanisms consistent with the experimental results are discussed.