Since isolates recovered on medium containing-Ficus elastica latex showed good growth on the respective natural rubber than those recovered on Euphorbia pulcherrima or Ficus nitida, 16 of these isolates were selected for further growth experiments on natural rubber to determine their protein content as well as rubber viscosity. Of these, the mesophilic strains Aspergillus terreus AUMC 4682, Aspergillus flavus AUMC 4795 and the thermophilic strain Myceliophthora thermophila AUMC 4653 showed low rubber viscosity and high mycelia protein content indicating high biodegradation ability of rubber. The strains were subjected for further analysis. They showed high ability to degrade poly (cis-1, 4-isoprene) rubber fig. The ability was also determined by measuring the increase in protein content of each fungus (mg g−1 dry wt), reduction in molecular weight (g mol−1) and inherent viscosity (dl g−1). Moreover the degradation was characterized by determining aldehyde or keto group by Schiff reagent and observing the growth using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

The addition of 0.5 mM ascorbic acid (AsA) to the hydroponic growth solution of young soybean cultivars, cvs (Glycine max Exford, high sensitive and G. max Giza 21, low sensitive) under normal growth, conditions provided protection against subsequent salinity stress. This observation was confirmed by fresh and dry matter contents, dose of response, total water content photosynthetic pigments, transpiration rate, AsA contents, membrane stability index, K+ leakage and minerals (Na+, K+ content, translocation, uptake and K+/Na+ ratio). In addition, analysis of antioxidant enzymes showed that AsA pretreatment causes an increase in catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (EC 1.11.1.11) and guaiacol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) activities under salinity stress. The seedlings of two soybean cultivars differing in salt sensitivity were treated with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 M NaCl for 3 days.

The presence of the genetic toxic chemicals in the aquatic environment increased. This study aimed using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) assay to investigate the genotoxic effects of 4-nonylphenol in adults and embryos of African catfish Clarias gariepinus. After exposure of adults and embryos to sublethel concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (0, 0.05, 0.08, and 0.1 mg/l) for 15 days, DNA was extracted for RAPD assay. The RAPD pattern from catfish exposed to 4-nonylphenol displayed some changes in polymorphism band patterns including disappearance and appearance of bands. Cluster method was used to indicate the distinct distance between the band patterns of exposed fish and the control. In conclusion, the RAPD-PCR is method can be used as an investigation tools for the evaluation of the genetic damage of the catfish induced by the exposure to 4-nonylphenol.

The presence of the genetic toxic chemicals in the aquatic environment increased. This study aimed using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) assay to investigate the genotoxic effects of 4-nonylphenol in adults and embryos of African catfish Clarias gariepinus. After exposure of adults and embryos to sublethel concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (0, 0.05, 0.08, and 0.1 mg/l) for 15 days, DNA was extracted for RAPD assay. The RAPD pattern from catfish exposed to 4-nonylphenol displayed some changes in polymorphism band patterns including disappearance and appearance of bands. Cluster method was used to indicate the distinct distance between the band patterns of exposed fish and the control. In conclusion, the RAPD-PCR is method can be used as an investigation tools for the evaluation of the genetic damage of the catfish induced by the exposure to 4-nonylphenol.

The presence of the genetic toxic chemicals in the aquatic environment increased. This study aimed using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) assay to investigate the genotoxic effects of 4-nonylphenol in adults and embryos of African catfish Clarias gariepinus. After exposure of adults and embryos to sublethel concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (0, 0.05, 0.08, and 0.1 mg/l) for 15 days, DNA was extracted for RAPD assay. The RAPD pattern from catfish exposed to 4-nonylphenol displayed some changes in polymorphism band patterns including disappearance and appearance of bands. Cluster method was used to indicate the distinct distance between the band patterns of exposed fish and the control. In conclusion, the RAPD-PCR is method can be used as an investigation tools for the evaluation of the genetic damage of the catfish induced by the exposure to 4-nonylphenol.

The present study investigated effects of environmental relevant concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (0.05 to 0.08 to 0.1 mg/l) on the reproduction and embryonic developmental stages of catfish (Clarias gariepinus). To determine the effect of 4-nonylphenol on reproduction; catfish were exposed to three concentrations of 4-nonylphenol in a flow-through-system during spawning period (some for one week and other for two weeks). At an estimated 4-nonylphenol concentration the fertilization rate and hatching rate were significantly decreased with 4-nonylphenol concentrations increasing while the incubation period, the mortality rate and malformed embryos ratio were increased. Also, the development of embryos and larvae was affected by 4-nonylphenol in terms of morphological changes and histopathological alterations.

The present study investigated effects of environmental relevant concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (0.05 to 0.08 to 0.1 mg/l) on the reproduction and embryonic developmental stages of catfish (Clarias gariepinus). To determine the effect of 4-nonylphenol on reproduction; catfish were exposed to three concentrations of 4-nonylphenol in a flow-through-system during spawning period (some for one week and other for two weeks). At an estimated 4-nonylphenol concentration the fertilization rate and hatching rate were significantly decreased with 4-nonylphenol concentrations increasing while the incubation period, the mortality rate and malformed embryos ratio were increased. Also, the development of embryos and larvae was affected by 4-nonylphenol in terms of morphological changes and histopathological alterations.