The inhibitory strength of two amino acids namely, tryptophan (Tryp) and histidine (Hist) on the corrosion of SABIC iron (SABIC Fe) in a 0.5 M HCl solution was examined utilizing mass loss (MS), electrochemical (PDP and EIS) and theoretical studies. Density functional theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation were inspected for Tryp and Hist inhibitors. All the corrosion parameters and theoretical data obtained from these studies confirm the inhibiting impact of the two amino acids. The efficacy of inhibition augment with augmentation the concentration of two amino acids from 100 to 500 ppm and reducing at elevated temperature. The effectiveness of the inhibition depends on the presence of some active centers that accelerate the adsorption process and the molar mass of the inhibitors. The inhibition efficacy of Tryp is greater than that of Hist reaching 92.09% at a concentration of 500 ppm while in the presence of Hist it is 89.37% using PDP measurements. Inhibition was demonstrated by spontaneous adsorption of Hist and Tryp on the surface of SABIC Fe according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. PDP curves clarified that the Tryp and Hist compounds acted as mixed type inhibitors. A variety of thermodynamic and kinetics parameters were computed and explained. SEM images demonstrate that the protective layer constructed on the surface of Se Fe in the presence of both amino acids. The results obtained from DFT are in complete agreement with the experimental work. Tryp and Hist compounds are adsorbed horizontally onto the surface of Fe (110).

Divalent cobalt and copper chelates of the two ligands 1-(1-ethoxycarbonylmethyl-2-o xoindolin-3-ylidene) thiosemicarbazide (EOIT) and 1-(1-benzyl-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene) thiosemicarbazide (BOIT) are the target compounds of the current study. Identification of the structures and geometries of these compounds have been performed using the possible physicochemical and analytical instruments. Elemental analysis, molar conductance and thermal analysis assured the composition of the four chelates to be [Co(BOIT)Cl]
1.5H2O (BOIT-Co), [Cu(BOIT)Cl] (BOITCu), [Co(EOIT)Cl2(H2O)]
5H2O (EOIT-Co) and [Cu(EOIT)Cl]
Cl (EOIT-Cu) which was further confirmed by the measurement of mass spectra. The architecture arrangement of the ligand atoms around Co and Cu centers has been determined depending on the UV–Vis spectral measurements and calculation of meff values. This proved that the copper compounds were square planer whereas the cobalt complexes were tetrahedral or octahedral arrangements. These compounds were examined as corrosion inhibitors for Sabic iron in 1.0 M HCl solution using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, mass-loss and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The acquired outcomes disclosed that the examined compounds were found to have high inhibition efficiencies (% IEs) which were dependent on their concentrations and composition. The obtained high % IEs (83–87% at concentration of 400 mg/l) were interpreted by strong adsorption of the compounds’ molecules on the iron surface and such adsorption was discovered to follow Langmuir adsorption isotherm. At the same concentration, the % IEs are slightly increased in the order: EOIT-Cu > BOIT-Cu > EOIT-Co > BOIT-Co. Finally, the investigational results obtained from all employed techniques were in a good consistent with each other.

The use of light radiation to cause the dissociation of water into hydrogen (H₂) gas has tremendous promise as a green method of hydrogen production. Herein, we reported a comparative study for the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ nanocomposite with two co-catalysts e.g., Pt or Cu nanocrystals (3–4 nm) using different synthesis procedures; incipient wet impregnation (Imp), hydrothermal (HT), or photo-deposition (PD) methods. The effect of catalyst mass loading percentages (0.1–1 wt.%) was investigated. The mass loading of 0.3 wt% for both co-catalysts exhibited the highest value of the generated hydrogen. Even without a precious metal such as Pt, Cu/TiO₂ synthesized using the PD method provided an initial rate of 24 mmol h^-1g⁻¹, which is 3.5 and 1.4 times higher than the composite synthesized using HT and Imp methods. On the other hand, the highest rate for Pt co-catalyst was observed for the Imp method with a rate of 58 mmol h^-1g⁻¹ which was higher by 1.6 and 1.1 times than the composite synthesized using PD and HT methods, respectively. This study offers new perspectives on the significant influence of the co-catalyst deposition technique on the efficiency of photocatalysis for producing hydrogen through water splitting.

Copper is primarily used in many industrial processes, but like many other metals, it suffers from corrosion damage. Polymers are not only one of the effective corrosion inhibitors but also are environmentally friendly agents in doing so. Hence, in this paper, the efficacy of two polyelectrolyte polymers, namely poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and polyacrylamide (PAM), as corrosion inhibitors for copper in molar nitric acid medium was explored. Chemical, electrochemical, and microscopic tools were employed in this investigation. The weight-loss study revealed that the computed inhibition efficiencies (% IEs) of both PAA and PAM increased with their concentrations but diminished with increasing HNO3 concentration and temperature. The results revealed that, at similar concentrations, the values of % IEs of PAM are slightly higher than those recorded for PAA, where these values at 298 K reached 88% and 84% in the presence of a 250 mg/L of PAM and PAA, respectively. The prominent IE% values for the tested polymers are due to their strong adsorption on the Cu surface and follow the Langmuir adsorption isoform. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were also calculated and discussed. The kinetics of corrosion inhibition by PAA and PAM showed a negative first-order process. The results showed also that the used polymers played as mixed-kind inhibitors with anodic priority. The mechanisms of copper corrosion in nitric acid medium and its inhibition by the tested polymers were discussed. DFT calculations and molecular dynamic (MD) modelling were used to investigate the effect of PAA and PAM molecular configuration on their anti-corrosion behavior. The results indicated that the experimental and computational study are highly consistent.

Arabinofuranosyl cytidine (AraC) is an analog of deoxycytidine used as an anticancer drug for leukemic patients. The
effective dose always produces severe complications. The present study investigated the modulation of autophagy and its impact on
the cytotoxicity of AraC toward murine myelogenous leukemia cells (M-NFS-60). Autophagy was inhibited by NH4Cl or Bafilomycin
A1 or enhanced by amino acid starvation, glucose starvation, mild hyperthermia (41 °C), or rapamycin (Rap). Cells were treated with
different concentrations, 0 to 2 μM, of AraC in the presence or absence of autophagy modulators. AraC-induced apoptosis is combined
with autophagy, especially at lower concentrations. This autophagy is characterized by a slow flux, as indicated by levels of LC3B II
and P62 proteins. Inhibition of autophagy did not alter cleaved caspase 3 levels (c-casp.3) or cell viability measured by MTT assays.
Conversely, acceleration of AraC-induced autophagy by co-treatment with autophagy inducers reduced cell viability and increased
c-casp.3 and c-PARP levels. Further, c-PARP levels were reduced in the presence of caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK. Enhancement of
slow autophagic flux induced by low concentrations of AraC significantly increased the cytotoxicity of AraC toward M-NFS-60 cells.
Such coadministration of autophagy inducers might improve the efficacy of AraC treatment and reduce effective doses.

Background The liver was identified as a primary target organ for the chemo-radiological effects of uranyl acetate (UA). Although the anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic properties of gallic acid (GA) make it a promising phytochemical to resist its hazards, there is no available data in this area of research. Methods To address this issue, eighteen rats were randomly and equally divided into three groups. One group was received carboxymethyl cellulose (vehicle of GA) and kept as a control. The UA group was injected intraperitoneally with UA at a single dose of 5 mg/kg body weight. The third group (GA + UA group) was treated with GA orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for 14 days before UA exposure. UA was injected on the 15th day of the experiment in either the UA group or the GA + UA group. The biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical findings in the GA + UA group were compared to both control and UA groups. Results The results showed that UA exposure led to a range of adverse effects. These included elevated plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, total protein, globulin, glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very-low-density lipoprotein and decreased plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The exposure also disrupted the redox balance, evident through decreased plasma total antioxidant capacity and hepatic nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase and increased hepatic oxidized glutathione and malondialdehyde. Plasma levels of albumin and alanine aminotransferase did not significantly change in all groups. Histopathological analysis revealed damage to liver tissue, characterized by deteriorations in tissue structure, excessive collagen accumulation, and depletion of glycogen. Furthermore, UA exposure up-regulated the immuno-expression of cleaved caspase-3 and down-regulated the immuno-expression of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 in hepatic tissues, indicating an induction of apoptosis and oxidative stress response. However, the pre-treatment with GA proved to be effective in mitigating these negative effects induced by UA exposure, except for the disturbances in the lipid profile.

Atrazine and nitrate have been shown to act as potent oxidative stressors in amphibians either alone or in combination under stable laboratory conditions, causing histopathological alternations in liver and kidney structures at the sub-lethal concentrations. A control group and three treatments groups were tested; atrazine, nitrate, atrazine-nitrate treatments with doses of 300 μg L-1 , 200 mg L-1 and their combination respectively. Sever distortion in liver and kidney tissues were shown related to the different treatments. The most hepatic lesions were observed depletion in glycogen content, degeneration of hepatocytes, hemorrhage, necrosis, vasodilatation, congestion in blood vessels, cloudy swelling in the hepatocytes and aggregation of melanomacrophage cells in between the hepatocytes that increased in combination treatment group. In kidney, the most lesions were represented in degeneration of renal tubules, fibrosis, hemorrhage, leucocytes infiltration, thickness in the wall of the renal capsule, atrophy of glomerulus, deformation of Bowman’s epithelium. These negative impacts may be a bioindicator alarming the ecosystem disrupting caused by the uncontrolled apply of these chemicals in agriculture.

The digestive tract of the little owl, Athene noctua (Strigiformes: Strigidae), is described in two different seasons. The digestive tract of this bird follows the basic model for that of a predatory bird. The cervical esophagus is not expanded to form a crop. The internal surface of the esophagus forms numerous longitudinal folds provided with numerous mucous glands. These longitudinal folds increase in number and vary in depth posteriorly. The folds of the proventriculus are composed of simple branched tubular glands. The ventriculus is lined by a thin layer of koilin. The number of goblet cells gradually increases from the duodenum to the rectum, and the lymphatic tissue diffuses within the lamina propria. The esophageal glands secrete acid mucopolysaccharides, while the gastric glands of the stomach, the goblet cells, and crypts of Lieberkühn secrete acid mucopolysaccharides. Proteins were observed in the different histological structures of the digestive tract. Morphometric and histometric studies showed differences between summer and winter in the esophagus and glandular stomach (especially in winter), but no seasonal differences were seen in the muscular stomach, or small and large intestines.

This study aimed to determine the efect of gallic acid (GA) on ameliorating bisphenol A (BPA) nephrotoxicity in male rat kidneys. Forty rats were assigned randomly into two groups: control (ten animals) and BPA (40 mg/kg bwt) (thirty animals), the second group was divided into three subgroups: BPA alone, BPA+G50 (50 mg/kg bwt), and BPA+G200 (200 mg/kg bwt). The biochemical analysis included measurements of the contents of nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species, and cytokines (interleukin-1α and interleukin-6) in the kidney. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase were also measured in the kidney. Kidney function was assessed by determining uric acid, urea, and creatinine levels. The morphological investigations included hematoxylin and eosin staining for assessing the general histology and determining the glomerular and corpuscular areas, the tubular cell degeneration mean area, and the mean leukocyte infltration area. Also, collagen fber intensity and polysaccharide content were analyzed. Furthermore, immunohistochemical, morphometric, and ultrastructural studies were carried out. The results revealed morphological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical alterations in the kidney. Most of these changes showed a satisfactory improvement of kidney damage when BPA-administered rats were treated with GA at both doses. In conclusion, GA exhibited a strong protective efect against BPA-induced nephrotoxicity

This study used both anatomical and histological techniques to investigate the orbital gland's topographic relationship with the surrounding system, using the hoopoe and cattle egret as biological models. Hoopoe has a spindle-shaped lacrimal gland that is suspended on the lateral edge of the frontal bone, whereas cattle egret has a tiny lacrimal gland that is embedded posteriorly within the periorbital fascia. The hoopoe's lacrimal gland has a single duct that runs parallel to the nasolacrimal duct and opens into the posterior nostril hole. In the cattle egret, the tubule-alveolar secretory components comprise neutral and acid glycosaminoglycan. In addition, the Harderian gland is found in both these species, but their draining ducts differ; the Harderian gland of the hoopoe opens into the anterodorsal to the conjunctival fornix, whereas the Harderian gland of the egret opens anteriorly. In both hoopoe and egret, the secretions of Harderian gland include neutral and acid glycosaminoglycan. The Harderian gland is categorized as type II in hoopoe and type I in cattle egrets. The present results concluded that both orbital glands of two bird species studied play an essential role in eye health, where cleaning and lubrication of the cornea surface. Furthermore, the lacrimal gland's location and secretory features may strengthen the olfactory sensitivity of hoopoe, which relies heavily on scent to locate their food, whereas egret relies heavily on visual cues.