In arid and semiarid regions, salinity is among the most important abiotic factors limiting growth of crop plants and yield. The current study was carried out to evaluate some metabolic and physiological responses of two oil – producing plants (sunflower and jojoba) grown under osmotic and toxic phases of NaCl and Na2CO3 salts. The two applied salts at the two selected phases markedly decreased salt tolerance index, photosynthetic pigments, anthocyanin pigment, soluble proteins and sodium accumulation factor of shoots and roots of jojoba and sunflower plants. This reduction was significant at the second phase of the applied salts. On the other hand, Na+ concentration and Na+/K+ ratio in shoots and roots of the test plants was increased by increasing NaCl or Na2CO3 level. Moreover, the leakage of K+ and Na+ from leaves of the stressed plants was also increased. Furthermore, NaCl and Na2CO3 supply stimulated glucose, fructose, proline and other free amino acids accumulation in shoots of jojoba and sunflower plants. Sunflower exhibited higher sensitivity to the applied salts compared with jojoba plant.

Salinization and alkalization of soil is a widespread environmental problem. The adaptive responses of two oil producing plants, jojoba and sunflower, to salt and alkaline stresses were studied. The increase in NaCl or Na2CO3 level in the culture media was associated with a fall in growth and pigment biosynthesis in the test plants. In addition, the two test plants accumulated Na+ along with a decrease in water content. Moreover, there was strong positive correlation between biomass production of jojoba and sunflower shoots and roots and K+/Na+ selectively under NaCl or Na2CO3 stress. The uptake of Na+ and K+ by the roots of the test plants was increased while the ion translocation from roots to shoots was generally decreased with increasing NaCl or Na2CO3 concentration in the culture media. The data herein obtained indicate that jojoba plants can be assumed to have more affinity to tolerate NaCl or Na2CO3 Stress than sunflower plant.

Salinization and alkalization of soil is a widespread environmental problem. The adaptive responses of two oil producing plants, jojoba and sunflower, to salt and alkaline stresses were studied. The increase in NaCl or Na2CO3 level in the culture media was associated with a fall in growth and pigment biosynthesis in the test plants. In addition, the two test plants accumulated Na+ along with a decrease in water content. Moreover, there was strong positive correlation between biomass production of jojoba and sunflower shoots and roots and K+/Na+ selectively under NaCl or Na2CO3 stress. The uptake of Na+ and K+ by the roots of the test plants was increased while the ion translocation from roots to shoots was generally decreased with increasing NaCl or Na2CO3 concentration in the culture media. The data herein obtained indicate that jojoba plants can be assumed to have more affinity to tolerate NaCl or Na2CO3 Stress than sunflower plant.

Salinization and alkalization of soil is a widespread environmental problem. The adaptive responses of two oil producing plants, jojoba and sunflower, to salt and alkaline stresses were studied. The increase in NaCl or Na2CO3 level in the culture media was associated with a fall in growth and pigment biosynthesis in the test plants. In addition, the two test plants accumulated Na+ along with a decrease in water content. Moreover, there was strong positive correlation between biomass production of jojoba and sunflower shoots and roots and K+/Na+ selectively under NaCl or Na2CO3 stress. The uptake of Na+ and K+ by the roots of the test plants was increased while the ion translocation from roots to shoots was generally decreased with increasing NaCl or Na2CO3 concentration in the culture media. The data herein obtained indicate that jojoba plants can be assumed to have more affinity to tolerate NaCl or Na2CO3 Stress than sunflower plant.

Chemical composition of the fresh and dried mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus and their bioactive secondary metabolic products were studied. The ethanolic extracts of the P. ostreatus cultivated on rice straw supplemented by wheat bran were studied by Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry GC/SM analysis. A total of hundred and seven metabolites were detected in tested samples. These include 56 metabolites only detected in fresh sample, 37 metabolites only detected in dry sample, and 14 metabolites were detected in the both samples. The detected metabolites could be classified into nine chemical groups including 2 metabolites related to acids, 5 alcohols, 27 alkane, 3 amides, 27 esters, 8 fatty acids, 4 terpenoids, 29 heterocyclic and 2 phenols. The bioactivity of the metabolic products could be classified: anticholesterol, anticancer and essential fatty acids which support human health. On comparison between fresh and dried P. ostreatus samples, we found that the high number of metabolites was recorded in the fresh extract. Fifty five aroma compounds were recorded and including (27 esters, 9 ketones, 7 thiols, 5 alcholos, 4 terpenoids and 2 phenols and 1 aldehyde). The selenium content in P. ostreatus samples was measured by using ACAL –APR -51-00 test methods and showed that the fresh sample has 58.24 mg/kg but the dry sample has 100.31 mg/kg.

Chemical composition of the fresh and dried mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus and their bioactive secondary metabolic products were studied. The ethanolic extracts of the P. ostreatus cultivated on rice straw supplemented by wheat bran were studied by Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry GC/SM analysis. A total of hundred and seven metabolites were detected in tested samples. These include 56 metabolites only detected in fresh sample, 37 metabolites only detected in dry sample, and 14 metabolites were detected in the both samples. The detected metabolites could be classified into nine chemical groups including 2 metabolites related to acids, 5 alcohols, 27 alkane, 3 amides, 27 esters, 8 fatty acids, 4 terpenoids, 29 heterocyclic and 2 phenols. The bioactivity of the metabolic products could be classified: anticholesterol, anticancer and essential fatty acids which support human health. On comparison between fresh and dried P. ostreatus samples, we found that the high number of metabolites was recorded in the fresh extract. Fifty five aroma compounds were recorded and including (27 esters, 9 ketones, 7 thiols, 5 alcholos, 4 terpenoids and 2 phenols and 1 aldehyde). The selenium content in P. ostreatus samples was measured by using ACAL –APR -51-00 test methods and showed that the fresh sample has 58.24 mg/kg but the dry sample has 100.31 mg/kg.

Enhancement of oil yield by nitrogen deprivation is frequently warranted but accompanied with growth restriction of algae. The aim of this work was to enhance oil yield while maintaining growth to proceed simultaneously. Therefore, a series of nitrogen concentrations (0-150% relative to that in Bold Basal Medium) has been applied. It has been shown that 75% nitrogen (2.21 mM) was the optimum concentration for growth, oil and dry mass accumulation in local isolates of Chlorococcum humicola, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Scenedesmus acutiformis and Scenedesmus quadricauda as well as incompletely deprived nitrogen (TAP medium) in the case of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (SAG). Malonate (10 mM) and nitrogen (2.21 mM), which induced the highest biomass and oil yield, separately, were applied in combination. This combination induced further enhancement in oil and dry mass yield and the magnitude of enhancement was depending on the studied alga. Malonate enhancement of oils could be ascribed to its derivative malonyl CoA, the precursor of longer chain fatty acids. Or, due to its coherent characteristic as succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor that might lead to pyruvate accumulation and hence fatty acid synthesis. Oils and dry mass yield were increased due to increased biomass and percentage of oils in cellular dry mass. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was the highest andScenedesmus acutiformis was the lowest with regards to oil yield and dry mass accumulation.

Enhancement of oil yield by nitrogen deprivation is frequently warranted but accompanied with growth restriction of algae. The aim of this work was to enhance oil yield while maintaining growth to proceed simultaneously. Therefore, a series of nitrogen concentrations (0-150% relative to that in Bold Basal Medium) has been applied. It has been shown that 75% nitrogen (2.21 mM) was the optimum concentration for growth, oil and dry mass accumulation in local isolates of Chlorococcum humicola, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Scenedesmus acutiformis and Scenedesmus quadricauda as well as incompletely deprived nitrogen (TAP medium) in the case of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (SAG). Malonate (10 mM) and nitrogen (2.21 mM), which induced the highest biomass and oil yield, separately, were applied in combination. This combination induced further enhancement in oil and dry mass yield and the magnitude of enhancement was depending on the studied alga. Malonate enhancement of oils could be ascribed to its derivative malonyl CoA, the precursor of longer chain fatty acids. Or, due to its coherent characteristic as succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor that might lead to pyruvate accumulation and hence fatty acid synthesis. Oils and dry mass yield were increased due to increased biomass and percentage of oils in cellular dry mass. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was the highest andScenedesmus acutiformis was the lowest with regards to oil yield and dry mass accumulation.

Enhancement of oil yield by nitrogen deprivation is frequently warranted but accompanied with growth restriction of algae. The aim of this work was to enhance oil yield while maintaining growth to proceed simultaneously. Therefore, a series of nitrogen concentrations (0-150% relative to that in Bold Basal Medium) has been applied. It has been shown that 75% nitrogen (2.21 mM) was the optimum concentration for growth, oil and dry mass accumulation in local isolates of Chlorococcum humicola, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Scenedesmus acutiformis and Scenedesmus quadricauda as well as incompletely deprived nitrogen (TAP medium) in the case of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (SAG). Malonate (10 mM) and nitrogen (2.21 mM), which induced the highest biomass and oil yield, separately, were applied in combination. This combination induced further enhancement in oil and dry mass yield and the magnitude of enhancement was depending on the studied alga. Malonate enhancement of oils could be ascribed to its derivative malonyl CoA, the precursor of longer chain fatty acids. Or, due to its coherent characteristic as succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor that might lead to pyruvate accumulation and hence fatty acid synthesis. Oils and dry mass yield were increased due to increased biomass and percentage of oils in cellular dry mass. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was the highest andScenedesmus acutiformis was the lowest with regards to oil yield and dry mass accumulation.

Enhancement of oil yield by nitrogen deprivation is frequently warranted but accompanied with growth restriction of algae. The aim of this work was to enhance oil yield while maintaining growth to proceed simultaneously. Therefore, a series of nitrogen concentrations (0-150% relative to that in Bold Basal Medium) has been applied. It has been shown that 75% nitrogen (2.21 mM) was the optimum concentration for growth, oil and dry mass accumulation in local isolates of Chlorococcum humicola, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Scenedesmus acutiformis and Scenedesmus quadricauda as well as incompletely deprived nitrogen (TAP medium) in the case of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (SAG). Malonate (10 mM) and nitrogen (2.21 mM), which induced the highest biomass and oil yield, separately, were applied in combination. This combination induced further enhancement in oil and dry mass yield and the magnitude of enhancement was depending on the studied alga. Malonate enhancement of oils could be ascribed to its derivative malonyl CoA, the precursor of longer chain fatty acids. Or, due to its coherent characteristic as succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor that might lead to pyruvate accumulation and hence fatty acid synthesis. Oils and dry mass yield were increased due to increased biomass and percentage of oils in cellular dry mass. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was the highest andScenedesmus acutiformis was the lowest with regards to oil yield and dry mass accumulation.