Salinization and alkalization of soil is a widespread environmental problem. The adaptive responses of two oil producing plants, jojoba and sunflower, to salt and alkaline stresses were studied. The increase in NaCl or Na2CO3 level in the culture media was associated with a fall in growth and pigment biosynthesis in the test plants. In addition, the two test plants accumulated Na+ along with a decrease in water content. Moreover, there was strong positive correlation between biomass production of jojoba and sunflower shoots and roots and K+/Na+ selectively under NaCl or Na2CO3 stress. The uptake of Na+ and K+ by the roots of the test plants was increased while the ion translocation from roots to shoots was generally decreased with increasing NaCl or Na2CO3 concentration in the culture media. The data herein obtained indicate that jojoba plants can be assumed to have more affinity to tolerate NaCl or Na2CO3
Stress than sunflower plant.

Salinization and alkalization of soil is a widespread environmental problem. The adaptive responses of two oil producing plants, jojoba and sunflower, to salt and alkaline stresses were studied. The increase in NaCl or Na2CO3 level in the culture media was associated with a fall in growth and pigment biosynthesis in the test plants. In addition, the two test plants accumulated Na+ along with a decrease in water content. Moreover, there was strong positive correlation between biomass production of jojoba and sunflower shoots and roots and K+/Na+ selectively under NaCl or Na2CO3 stress. The uptake of Na+ and K+ by the roots of the test plants was increased while the ion translocation from roots to shoots was generally decreased with increasing NaCl or Na2CO3 concentration in the culture media. The data herein obtained indicate that jojoba plants can be assumed to have more affinity to tolerate NaCl or Na2CO3
Stress than sunflower plant.

Salinization and alkalization of soil is a widespread environmental problem. The adaptive responses of two oil producing plants, jojoba and sunflower, to salt and alkaline stresses were studied. The increase in NaCl or Na2CO3 level in the culture media was associated with a fall in growth and pigment biosynthesis in the test plants. In addition, the two test plants accumulated Na+ along with a decrease in water content. Moreover, there was strong positive correlation between biomass production of jojoba and sunflower shoots and roots and K+/Na+ selectively under NaCl or Na2CO3 stress. The uptake of Na+ and K+ by the roots of the test plants was increased while the ion translocation from roots to shoots was generally decreased with increasing NaCl or Na2CO3 concentration in the culture media. The data herein obtained indicate that jojoba plants can be assumed to have more affinity to tolerate NaCl or Na2CO3
Stress than sunflower plant.

Chemical composition of the fresh and dried mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus and their bioactive secondary metabolic products were studied. The ethanolic extracts of the P. ostreatus cultivated on rice straw supplemented by wheat bran were studied by Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry GC/SM analysis. A total of hundred and seven metabolites were detected in tested samples. These include 56 metabolites only detected in fresh sample, 37 metabolites only detected in dry sample, and 14 metabolites were detected in the both samples. The detected metabolites could be classified into nine chemical groups including 2 metabolites related to acids, 5 alcohols, 27 alkane, 3 amides, 27 esters, 8 fatty acids, 4 terpenoids, 29 heterocyclic and 2 phenols. The bioactivity of the metabolic products could be classified: anticholesterol, anticancer and essential fatty acids which support human health. On comparison between fresh and dried P. ostreatus samples, we found that the high number of metabolites was recorded in the fresh extract. Fifty five aroma compounds were recorded and including (27 esters, 9 ketones, 7 thiols, 5 alcholos, 4 terpenoids and 2 phenols and 1 aldehyde). The selenium content in P. ostreatus samples was measured by using ACAL –APR -51-00 test methods and showed that the fresh sample has 58.24 mg/kg but the dry sample has 100.31 mg/kg.

Chemical composition of the fresh and dried mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus and their bioactive secondary metabolic products were studied. The ethanolic extracts of the P. ostreatus cultivated on rice straw supplemented by wheat bran were studied by Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry GC/SM analysis. A total of hundred and seven metabolites were detected in tested samples. These include 56 metabolites only detected in fresh sample, 37 metabolites only detected in dry sample, and 14 metabolites were detected in the both samples. The detected metabolites could be classified into nine chemical groups including 2 metabolites related to acids, 5 alcohols, 27 alkane, 3 amides, 27 esters, 8 fatty acids, 4 terpenoids, 29 heterocyclic and 2 phenols. The bioactivity of the metabolic products could be classified: anticholesterol, anticancer and essential fatty acids which support human health. On comparison between fresh and dried P. ostreatus samples, we found that the high number of metabolites was recorded in the fresh extract. Fifty five aroma compounds were recorded and including (27 esters, 9 ketones, 7 thiols, 5 alcholos, 4 terpenoids and 2 phenols and 1 aldehyde). The selenium content in P. ostreatus samples was measured by using ACAL –APR -51-00 test methods and showed that the fresh sample has 58.24 mg/kg but the dry sample has 100.31 mg/kg.

Enhancement of oil yield by nitrogen deprivation is frequently warranted but accompanied with growth restriction of algae. The aim of this work was to enhance oil yield while maintaining growth to proceed simultaneously. Therefore, a series of nitrogen concentrations (0-150% relative to that in Bold Basal Medium) has been applied. It has been shown that 75% nitrogen (2.21 mM) was the optimum concentration for growth, oil and dry mass accumulation in local isolates of Chlorococcum humicola, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Scenedesmus acutiformis and Scenedesmus quadricauda as well as incompletely deprived nitrogen (TAP medium) in the case of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (SAG). Malonate (10 mM) and nitrogen (2.21 mM), which induced the highest biomass and oil yield, separately, were applied in combination. This combination induced further enhancement in oil and dry mass yield and the magnitude of enhancement was depending on the studied alga. Malonate enhancement of oils could be ascribed to its derivative malonyl CoA, the precursor of longer chain fatty acids. Or, due to its coherent characteristic as succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor that might lead to pyruvate accumulation and hence fatty acid synthesis. Oils and dry mass yield were increased due to increased biomass and percentage of oils in cellular dry mass. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was the highest andScenedesmus acutiformis was the lowest with regards to oil yield and dry mass accumulation.

Enhancement of oil yield by nitrogen deprivation is frequently warranted but accompanied with growth restriction of algae. The aim of this work was to enhance oil yield while maintaining growth to proceed simultaneously. Therefore, a series of nitrogen concentrations (0-150% relative to that in Bold Basal Medium) has been applied. It has been shown that 75% nitrogen (2.21 mM) was the optimum concentration for growth, oil and dry mass accumulation in local isolates of Chlorococcum humicola, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Scenedesmus acutiformis and Scenedesmus quadricauda as well as incompletely deprived nitrogen (TAP medium) in the case of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (SAG). Malonate (10 mM) and nitrogen (2.21 mM), which induced the highest biomass and oil yield, separately, were applied in combination. This combination induced further enhancement in oil and dry mass yield and the magnitude of enhancement was depending on the studied alga. Malonate enhancement of oils could be ascribed to its derivative malonyl CoA, the precursor of longer chain fatty acids. Or, due to its coherent characteristic as succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor that might lead to pyruvate accumulation and hence fatty acid synthesis. Oils and dry mass yield were increased due to increased biomass and percentage of oils in cellular dry mass. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was the highest andScenedesmus acutiformis was the lowest with regards to oil yield and dry mass accumulation.

Enhancement of oil yield by nitrogen deprivation is frequently warranted but accompanied with growth restriction of algae. The aim of this work was to enhance oil yield while maintaining growth to proceed simultaneously. Therefore, a series of nitrogen concentrations (0-150% relative to that in Bold Basal Medium) has been applied. It has been shown that 75% nitrogen (2.21 mM) was the optimum concentration for growth, oil and dry mass accumulation in local isolates of Chlorococcum humicola, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Scenedesmus acutiformis and Scenedesmus quadricauda as well as incompletely deprived nitrogen (TAP medium) in the case of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (SAG). Malonate (10 mM) and nitrogen (2.21 mM), which induced the highest biomass and oil yield, separately, were applied in combination. This combination induced further enhancement in oil and dry mass yield and the magnitude of enhancement was depending on the studied alga. Malonate enhancement of oils could be ascribed to its derivative malonyl CoA, the precursor of longer chain fatty acids. Or, due to its coherent characteristic as succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor that might lead to pyruvate accumulation and hence fatty acid synthesis. Oils and dry mass yield were increased due to increased biomass and percentage of oils in cellular dry mass. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was the highest andScenedesmus acutiformis was the lowest with regards to oil yield and dry mass accumulation.

Enhancement of oil yield by nitrogen deprivation is frequently warranted but accompanied with growth restriction of algae. The aim of this work was to enhance oil yield while maintaining growth to proceed simultaneously. Therefore, a series of nitrogen concentrations (0-150% relative to that in Bold Basal Medium) has been applied. It has been shown that 75% nitrogen (2.21 mM) was the optimum concentration for growth, oil and dry mass accumulation in local isolates of Chlorococcum humicola, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Scenedesmus acutiformis and Scenedesmus quadricauda as well as incompletely deprived nitrogen (TAP medium) in the case of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (SAG). Malonate (10 mM) and nitrogen (2.21 mM), which induced the highest biomass and oil yield, separately, were applied in combination. This combination induced further enhancement in oil and dry mass yield and the magnitude of enhancement was depending on the studied alga. Malonate enhancement of oils could be ascribed to its derivative malonyl CoA, the precursor of longer chain fatty acids. Or, due to its coherent characteristic as succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor that might lead to pyruvate accumulation and hence fatty acid synthesis. Oils and dry mass yield were increased due to increased biomass and percentage of oils in cellular dry mass. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was the highest andScenedesmus acutiformis was the lowest with regards to oil yield and dry mass accumulation.

يتأثر النبات في نمائه وبالتالي انتاجيته بعوامل الإجهاد في بيئته وإذا لم يتزن ويتأقلم مع هذه العوامل بمقدار ما يحميه من حيث التركيب والوظيفة تحكمت فيه هذه العوامل وتغلبت عليه والمعاناة ثم الهلاك لأي نبات يقصر في هذه العلاقة. وعليه استهدف هذا البحث التعرف على الاستجابات ذات الصلة بمضادات الأكسدة وبعض دلائل الانتاجية في أربع سلالات منتقاة من أربعة عشر تنتمي لنباتي القمح والفول.
وقد تم انتقاء سلالتي (قمح سخا 93 ، فول سخا 1) على اساس قدرتهما الأعلى على تحمل الاجهاد الملحي وسلالتي (قمح جميزه 10 وفول جيزه 716) على اساس قدرتهما الأدنى على تحمل الملوحة أي الأكثر حساسية للاجهاد الملحي.
ومن تاجدير بالذكر أن هذا البحث قد أجري باستخدام مزارع غذائية سائلة تحت تأثير طورين فقط من أطوار الإجهاد الملحي لكلوريد الصوديوم الأول أسوزي عند مستوى ( 80 مللي مول) والآخر سمي عند مستوى (160 مللي مول) وهو أمر جدير بالبحث لما يمكن أن تعكسه هذه الدراسة وغيرها من الدراسات ذات الصلة من جوانب قد يكون لها دوراً في المزيد من فهم الآليات التي تعمل على مقاومة الأثار الضارة للملوحة على نمو النبات وبالتالي انتاجيته. وقد أسفرت هذه الدراسة عن نتائج يمكن إيجازها فيما يلي:
(1) اكدت النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها أن الطور الأعلى للإجهاد الملحي كان له تأثيراً مثبطاً ملحوظاً على معامل تحمل الملوحة في السلالتين الأكثر حساسية (قمح جميزه 10 وفول جيزه 716) ولم يبدو هذا التأثير بصورة معنوية في السلالتين الأكثر تحملاً للملوحة ( قمح سخا 93 وفول سخا 1).
(2) الطور الأسموزي للإجهاد الملحي لم يكن له تأثير معنوياً في تخليق (H2O2) في المجموعين الجذري والخضري لسلالات القمح والفول قيد البحث بينما الطور الأعلى للملوحة فقد كانت له تأثيرات متباينة. هذا وقد ازداد انتاجه في المجموع الخضري لسلالتي القمح والفول الأكثر تحملاً للملوحة.
(3) من الجدير بالذكر أن الإجهاد الملحي في طوره الأعلى أدى إلى تنشيط انسياب أيونات الصوديوم والبوتاسيوم في السلالات قيد البحث الأمر الذي يشير إلى الضرر الذي تعرضت له مكونات الأغشية الخلوية. ومن جهة أخرى تزايد تخليق البرولين في السلالات قيد البحث وبقدر ملحوظ عند المستوى الأعلى للإجهاد الملحي وهو الأمر الذي لم يتحقق جلياً في حالة الأحماض الأمينية الحرة الأخرى والتي بدت متباينة الإستجابة.
(4) تباينت أنماط التغيرات في انتاج مضادات الأكسدة الأنزيمية منها (SOD, APX, POD, CAT) وغير الأنزيمية (AsA) في السلالات المختبرة تحت تأثير الإجهاد الملحي بشقيه العالي والمنخفض حيث انخفض بصورة ملموسة أو غير ملموسة محتوى السلالات الأربع من (AsA) تحت تأثير الطور العالي للإجهاد الملحي أما النشاط الأنزيمي لكل من (SOD, POD) فقد استحث تحت تأثير الطور العالي للإجهاد الملحي في السلالتين الأكثر حساسية للملوحة وانخفض نشاطهما في السلالتين الأكثر تحملاً للملوحة وبصفة عامه فقد أظهرت الملوحة بشقيها العالي والمنخفض تأثيراً محفزاً لنشاط كل من (CAT, APX) في سلالتي القمح المختبرة.
(5) هذا وقد اسفرت النتائج أيضاً عن انخفاض ملحوظ في عدد الأشطاء (Tillers) في سلالتي القمح وعدد التخوت (Peduncles) في سلالتي الفول تحت تأثير الإجهاد الملحي بشقيه العالي والمنخفض وكان التأثير السلبي أكثر وضوحاً في السلالات الأكثر حساسية للملوحة.