Two series of dendronized polymers (DPs) of generations g ¼ 1–4 with different levels of dendritic substitution (low and high) and a solvatochromic probe at g ¼ 1 level are used to study their swelling behavior in a collection of solvents largely differing in polarity as indicated by the Kamlet–Taft parameters. This is done by measuring the UV-Vis spectra of all samples in all solvents and determining the longest wavelength absorptions (lmax). The lmax values fall into a range defined by the extreme situations, when the solvatochromic probe is either fully surrounded by solvent or completely shielded against it. The former situation is achieved in a model compound and the latter situation is believed to be reached when in a poor solvent the dendritic shell around the backbone is fully collapsed. We observe that solvent penetration into the interior of the DPs decreases with increasing g and does so faster for the more highly dendritically substituted series than for the less highly substituted one. Interestingly, the swelling of the more highly substituted DP series already at the g ¼ 4 level has decreased to approximately 20% of that at the g ¼ 1 level which supports an earlier proposal that high g DPs can be viewed as nano-sized molecular objects. Furthermore, when comparing these two DP series with a g ¼ 1–6 series of dendrimers investigated by Fr´echet et al. it becomes evident that even the less substituted series of DPs is much less responsive to solvent changes as assessed by the solvatochromic probe than the dendrimers, suggesting the branches around the (polymeric) core in DPs to be more densely packed compared to those in dendrimers, thus, establishing a key difference between these two dendritic macromolecules.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the notion of hybrid tangential property for pairs of single-valued and multi-valued mappings in modified intuitionistic fuzzy metric spaces and we prove common fixed point theorems for such mappings in modified intuitionistic fuzzy metric spaces.

The use of bacteria is a good method for biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons due to their fast-growing and cost effectiveness. Bacteria can completely mineralize such toxic compounds to harmless by-products. ASU-035 is a bacterial strain, which was isolated from oil contaminated soil. It was identified as Achromobacter denitrificans on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA gene, and deposited in GenBank under accession number KC342253. Achromobacter denitrificans have been tested for utilization of pyrene as a sole source of carbon and energy. Some pyrene degradative enzymes and ability of this strain for biosurfactants production have been studied. The results illustrated that the strain could utilize 76.5 mg/L of pyrene (100 mg/L) within 18 days with growth rate and mean generation time 0.033 h-1 and 30.3 h, respectively. The maximum specific activities (U/mg protein) of pyrene dioxygenase, catechol 1,2 dioxygenase (C12O), and catechol 2,3 dioxygenase (C23O) were 0.78 ± 0.12, 0.41 ± 0.05, and 0.2 ± 0.01, respectively. Achromobacter denitrificans could enhance the bioavailability of pyrene to get use of it as a sole carbon source by increasing the emulsification activity to 11.5 ± 2.1 U/mg proteins and cell-surface hydrophobicity to 39 ± 1.3 %.

The use of bacteria is a good method for biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons due to their fast-growing and cost effectiveness. Bacteria can completely mineralize such toxic compounds to harmless by-products. ASU-035 is a bacterial strain, which was isolated from oil contaminated soil. It was identified as Achromobacter denitrificans on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA gene, and deposited in GenBank under accession number KC342253. Achromobacter denitrificans have been tested for utilization of pyrene as a sole source of carbon and energy. Some pyrene degradative enzymes and ability of this strain for biosurfactants production have been studied. The results illustrated that the strain could utilize 76.5 mg/L of pyrene (100 mg/L) within 18 days with growth rate and mean generation time 0.033 h-1 and 30.3 h, respectively. The maximum specific activities (U/mg protein) of pyrene dioxygenase, catechol 1,2 dioxygenase (C12O), and catechol 2,3 dioxygenase (C23O) were 0.78 ± 0.12, 0.41 ± 0.05, and 0.2 ± 0.01, respectively. Achromobacter denitrificans could enhance the bioavailability of pyrene to get use of it as a sole carbon source by increasing the emulsification activity to 11.5 ± 2.1 U/mg proteins and cell-surface hydrophobicity to 39 ± 1.3 %.

The use of bacteria is a good method for biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons due to their fast-growing and cost effectiveness. Bacteria can completely mineralize such toxic compounds to harmless by-products. ASU-035 is a bacterial strain, which was isolated from oil contaminated soil. It was identified as Achromobacter denitrificans on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA gene, and deposited in GenBank under accession number KC342253. Achromobacter denitrificans have been tested for utilization of pyrene as a sole source of carbon and energy. Some pyrene degradative enzymes and ability of this strain for biosurfactants production have been studied. The results illustrated that the strain could utilize 76.5 mg/L of pyrene (100 mg/L) within 18 days with growth rate and mean generation time 0.033 h-1 and 30.3 h, respectively. The maximum specific activities (U/mg protein) of pyrene dioxygenase, catechol 1,2 dioxygenase (C12O), and catechol 2,3 dioxygenase (C23O) were 0.78 ± 0.12, 0.41 ± 0.05, and 0.2 ± 0.01, respectively. Achromobacter denitrificans could enhance the bioavailability of pyrene to get use of it as a sole carbon source by increasing the emulsification activity to 11.5 ± 2.1 U/mg proteins and cell-surface hydrophobicity to 39 ± 1.3 %.

Hematite/graphene oxide (FGO) nanocomposites were used as a supporting surface for the fungus Aspergillus terreus AUMC-050 to form AFGO biofilm. Different techniques were used for characterization of nanocomposites and biofilm such as IR, Fourier transform infrared, Scanning electron microscopy, Transmittance Electron Microscopic, Brunauer–Emmett– Teller surface area, and Raman Spectroscopy. The effect of initial dye concentration (0–300 mg/L), contact time (0–80 min), pH values (2.0–8.0), and temperature (10–50°C) was studied. The maximum adsorption capacity of dye using AFGO biofilm was 160 mg dye/g at pH 2.0, and the contact time was 50 min. The best fitted equilibrium and kinetic model were found to be Langmuir and pseudo-first order, respectively. Various thermodynamic parameters were evaluated to determine the nature of biosorption process. The negative value of ΔG and ΔH° indicated spontaneity and exothermic behavior of the adsorption process. Using of microbial biofilm supported on nanocomposite material is a new approach for adsorption of dyes from water body.

Hematite/graphene oxide (FGO) nanocomposites were used as a supporting surface for the fungus Aspergillus terreus AUMC-050 to form AFGO biofilm. Different techniques were used for characterization of nanocomposites and biofilm such as IR, Fourier transform infrared, Scanning electron microscopy, Transmittance Electron Microscopic, Brunauer–Emmett– Teller surface area, and Raman Spectroscopy. The effect of initial dye concentration (0–300 mg/L), contact time (0–80 min), pH values (2.0–8.0), and temperature (10–50°C) was studied. The maximum adsorption capacity of dye using AFGO biofilm was 160 mg dye/g at pH 2.0, and the contact time was 50 min. The best fitted equilibrium and kinetic model were found to be Langmuir and pseudo-first order, respectively. Various thermodynamic parameters were evaluated to determine the nature of biosorption process. The negative value of ΔG and ΔH° indicated spontaneity and exothermic behavior of the adsorption process. Using of microbial biofilm supported on nanocomposite material is a new approach for adsorption of dyes from water body.

Hematite/graphene oxide (FGO) nanocomposites were used as a supporting surface for the fungus Aspergillus terreus AUMC-050 to form AFGO biofilm. Different techniques were used for characterization of nanocomposites and biofilm such as IR, Fourier transform infrared, Scanning electron microscopy, Transmittance Electron Microscopic, Brunauer–Emmett– Teller surface area, and Raman Spectroscopy. The effect of initial dye concentration (0–300 mg/L), contact time (0–80 min), pH values (2.0–8.0), and temperature (10–50°C) was studied. The maximum adsorption capacity of dye using AFGO biofilm was 160 mg dye/g at pH 2.0, and the contact time was 50 min. The best fitted equilibrium and kinetic model were found to be Langmuir and pseudo-first order, respectively. Various thermodynamic parameters were evaluated to determine the nature of biosorption process. The negative value of ΔG and ΔH° indicated spontaneity and exothermic behavior of the adsorption process. Using of microbial biofilm supported on nanocomposite material is a new approach for adsorption of dyes from water body.

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A simple, rapid and one-pot quadruple Mannich reaction has been developed for the synthesis of 2,5,7,9,11-pentaazaphenalenes via a three-component reaction of 6-amino-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-4(1H)-one, formaldehyde and primary amines in ethanol at room temperature. The reaction products were obtained in very good to excellent yields using a simple work-up procedure. The regioselectivity of the reaction was studied using the electronic energy calculations which indicated that the corresponding products 2,5,7,9,11-pentaazaphenalenes are more favorable than the other isomeric products 3,5,8,10,11-pentaazaanthracenes and 2,5,7,8,10-pentazaphenanthrenes. The reaction mechanism was investigated and the structures of all the new compounds were confirmed using spectra and elemental analysis. In addition, all the synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity and showed a significant activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Geotrichum candidum and Trichophyton rubrum.