Chalcogenide glasses of (Se90Te10)100-x Inx (x = 0, 3, 6, 9, 11) alloys are prepared by melt quench technique. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique with different heating rate is used to study the dependence of the glass transition temperature (Tg) and fragility dynamics m on the In content in the Se-Te matrix. It is observed an increase of Tg with increasing In content. The glass transition temperature is differently defined according to the different degree of conversion of the glass. The activation energy of the glass transition (Eg) is evaluated using Kissinger, Moynihan kinetic and the partial area (isoconversional) methods. Analysis of experimental data shows that Eg changes with the degree of conversion from the glassy to the supercooled phase. The variation of the fragility with indium content is attributed to the formation of network structure. The employed theoretical models to describe the kinetics of the glass transition are valid

Chalcogenide glasses of (Se90Te10)100-x Inx (x = 0, 3, 6, 9, 11) alloys are prepared by melt quench technique. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique with different heating rate is used to study the dependence of the glass transition temperature (Tg) and fragility dynamics m on the In content in the Se-Te matrix. It is observed an increase of Tg with increasing In content. The glass transition temperature is differently defined according to the different degree of conversion of the glass. The activation energy of the glass transition (Eg) is evaluated using Kissinger, Moynihan kinetic and the partial area (isoconversional) methods. Analysis of experimental data shows that Eg changes with the degree of conversion from the glassy to the supercooled phase. The variation of the fragility with indium content is attributed to the formation of network structure. The employed theoretical models to describe the kinetics of the glass transition are valid

Chalcogenide Se90Sb10 thin films are deposited by thermal evaporation from the bulk alloy. X-ray diffraction examination for the annealed films shows the amorphous-crystalline transformation. This is beneficial for optical disk data storage technology. The crystallinity is improved by increasing the annealing temperature. The films annealed at relatively low temperatures exhibit highly transparence reaching to about 90% at incident light of wavelength of 900 nm. The as-prepared and annealed Se90Sb10 films reveal an indirect allowed optical transition. The annealed film at 473 K has an optical band gap of 1.676 eV which is suitable value for solar cell as photovoltaic application. Both the indirect optical energy band gap (Eg) and the oscillator energy (Eo) decrease whereas the oscillator strength (Ed) increases with increasing the annealing temperature. The annealing increases the conductivity and decreases the activation energy for conduction resulting in enhancement of film properties for adapting to solar cells

Chalcogenide Se90Sb10 thin films are deposited by thermal evaporation from the bulk alloy. X-ray diffraction examination for the annealed films shows the amorphous-crystalline transformation. This is beneficial for optical disk data storage technology. The crystallinity is improved by increasing the annealing temperature. The films annealed at relatively low temperatures exhibit highly transparence reaching to about 90% at incident light of wavelength of 900 nm. The as-prepared and annealed Se90Sb10 films reveal an indirect allowed optical transition. The annealed film at 473 K has an optical band gap of 1.676 eV which is suitable value for solar cell as photovoltaic application. Both the indirect optical energy band gap (Eg) and the oscillator energy (Eo) decrease whereas the oscillator strength (Ed) increases with increasing the annealing temperature. The annealing increases the conductivity and decreases the activation energy for conduction resulting in enhancement of film properties for adapting to solar cells

Chalcogenide Se90Sb10 thin films are deposited by thermal evaporation from the bulk alloy. X-ray diffraction examination for the annealed films shows the amorphous-crystalline transformation. This is beneficial for optical disk data storage technology. The crystallinity is improved by increasing the annealing temperature. The films annealed at relatively low temperatures exhibit highly transparence reaching to about 90% at incident light of wavelength of 900 nm. The as-prepared and annealed Se90Sb10 films reveal an indirect allowed optical transition. The annealed film at 473 K has an optical band gap of 1.676 eV which is suitable value for solar cell as photovoltaic application. Both the indirect optical energy band gap (Eg) and the oscillator energy (Eo) decrease whereas the oscillator strength (Ed) increases with increasing the annealing temperature. The annealing increases the conductivity and decreases the activation energy for conduction resulting in enhancement of film properties for adapting to solar cells

The Japanese government has recently set an ambitious target to reduce its CO2 emissions by expanding renewables and nuclear power plants (NPPs). Perception of nuclear power, however, has always been an issue in Japan. This research reports the results of a survey regarding public acceptance of NPPs in three community groups and associations with some of its influencing factors. The samples are taken from one site near a plant under construction (Kaminoseki), another near a plant in operation (Hamaoka) and one without plants nearby (Kyoto). Among the findings, the preference to expand nuclear power was 28 percent, while that to decrease it was 11 percent. In addition, the community acceptance may shift from 28 to 65 percent in a special case of constrained acceptance. People living near the planning and the consumption sites had the highest acceptance rates and the least polarised view towards NPPs expansion. Among the analysed factors of influence, “Inclusion in the decision process” had a significant correlation with both cases of acceptance (b=0.22). Some measures to improve community acceptance before plans for NPPs expansion are included as recommendations.

Determination of the radioactive isotopes concentrations in the petroleum waste of sludge and sand is an essential issue not only to refineries, industrial processing, waste disposal and transports but also, to human health and the environment. As these radioactive isotopes are radiation risky, therefore they should be assessed and controlled. Moreover, they might contain heavy and toxic elements which cause hazardous pollution. This paper will focus on the evaluation of the concentrations of metals, heavy and toxic elements in sludge samples from different petroleum companies’ sites located in the eastern Egyptian desert. Five sludge oil samples were elementally analyzed by Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) technique. The samples were irradiate using the irradiation box inside the Egyptian second research reactor (ETRR-2) (rabbit irradiation system) for 4 hours and then counted after 14 days using HPGe detector. 18 isotopes named (Ca, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Ag, Sb, Cs, Ba, Eu, Yb, Lu, Hf, and Ta) were detected with different concentrations in the samples under investigation. The isotopes of Ca, Fe, Sr, and Ba had high concentrations compared with other isotopes in the samples. The toxic element of barium with high concentration and other trace elements with low concentrations were detected in the samples. High concentration of Fe trace elements above the standard level was detected in all samples. The outcomes of the study imply that more monitoring is needed for the petroleum waste in these locations to minimize the environmental pollution and to minimize the radiation risk for the workers.

Determination of the radioactive isotopes concentrations in the petroleum waste of sludge and sand is an essential issue not only to refineries, industrial processing, waste disposal and transports but also, to human health and the environment. As these radioactive isotopes are radiation risky, therefore they should be assessed and controlled. Moreover, they might contain heavy and toxic elements which cause hazardous pollution. This paper will focus on the evaluation of the concentrations of metals, heavy and toxic elements in sludge samples from different petroleum companies’ sites located in the eastern Egyptian desert. Five sludge oil samples were elementally analyzed by Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) technique. The samples were irradiate using the irradiation box inside the Egyptian second research reactor (ETRR-2) (rabbit irradiation system) for 4 hours and then counted after 14 days using HPGe detector. 18 isotopes named (Ca, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Ag, Sb, Cs, Ba, Eu, Yb, Lu, Hf, and Ta) were detected with different concentrations in the samples under investigation. The isotopes of Ca, Fe, Sr, and Ba had high concentrations compared with other isotopes in the samples. The toxic element of barium with high concentration and other trace elements with low concentrations were detected in the samples. High concentration of Fe trace elements above the standard level was detected in all samples. The outcomes of the study imply that more monitoring is needed for the petroleum waste in these locations to minimize the environmental pollution and to minimize the radiation risk for the workers.

Determination of the radioactive isotopes concentrations in the petroleum waste of sludge and sand is an essential issue not only to refineries, industrial processing, waste disposal and transports but also, to human health and the environment. As these radioactive isotopes are radiation risky, therefore they should be assessed and controlled. Moreover, they might contain heavy and toxic elements which cause hazardous pollution. This paper will focus on the evaluation of the concentrations of metals, heavy and toxic elements in sludge samples from different petroleum companies’ sites located in the eastern Egyptian desert. Five sludge oil samples were elementally analyzed by Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) technique. The samples were irradiate using the irradiation box inside the Egyptian second research reactor (ETRR-2) (rabbit irradiation system) for 4 hours and then counted after 14 days using HPGe detector. 18 isotopes named (Ca, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Ag, Sb, Cs, Ba, Eu, Yb, Lu, Hf, and Ta) were detected with different concentrations in the samples under investigation. The isotopes of Ca, Fe, Sr, and Ba had high concentrations compared with other isotopes in the samples. The toxic element of barium with high concentration and other trace elements with low concentrations were detected in the samples. High concentration of Fe trace elements above the standard level was detected in all samples. The outcomes of the study imply that more monitoring is needed for the petroleum waste in these locations to minimize the environmental pollution and to minimize the radiation risk for the workers.

Determination of the radioactive isotopes concentrations in the petroleum waste of sludge and sand is an essential issue not only to refineries, industrial processing, waste disposal and transports but also, to human health and the environment. As these radioactive isotopes are radiation risky, therefore they should be assessed and controlled. Moreover, they might contain heavy and toxic elements which cause hazardous pollution. This paper will focus on the evaluation of the concentrations of metals, heavy and toxic elements in sludge samples from different petroleum companies’ sites located in the eastern Egyptian desert. Five sludge oil samples were elementally analyzed by Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) technique. The samples were irradiate using the irradiation box inside the Egyptian second research reactor (ETRR-2) (rabbit irradiation system) for 4 hours and then counted after 14 days using HPGe detector. 18 isotopes named (Ca, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Ag, Sb, Cs, Ba, Eu, Yb, Lu, Hf, and Ta) were detected with different concentrations in the samples under investigation. The isotopes of Ca, Fe, Sr, and Ba had high concentrations compared with other isotopes in the samples. The toxic element of barium with high concentration and other trace elements with low concentrations were detected in the samples. High concentration of Fe trace elements above the standard level was detected in all samples. The outcomes of the study imply that more monitoring is needed for the petroleum waste in these locations to minimize the environmental pollution and to minimize the radiation risk for the workers.