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The ultrastructure of muscle dedifferentiation and redifferentiation was observed during hind limb regeneration in a larval stage (number 53) of Bufo regularis. It was found that the young, forming muscle fibres with low level of differentiation, can easily loose its morphological characteristic features and dedifferentiate into blastemal cells from which new muscle fibres redifferentiate. Dedifferentiated cells were acquiring characteristics of actively growing cells reflecting their transformation into blastemal mesenchyme cells and then into redifferentiated muscle fibres. Satellite cells were not observed in the formation of the new myotubes. The absence of satellite cells in muscle fibres, in the present study, was suggested to be due to the low level of differentiation of muscle fibres, since the observed cells were either myogenic cells or early differentiating muscle fibres with incomplete myofibril set. Satellite cells must be confined to the well differentiated mature muscles. Macrophages were suggested to induce young muscle fibres differentiation via releasing soluble factors during removal of cellular debris.

The discovery of carbon nanomaterials has added to the applications of carbon and created enormous interest in their development, characterization and applications in many different fields. The carbon nanotubes have unique electronic and mechanical properties. Further enhancement of the growth technique raised the nanotube yields; the single-wall [SWNTs] samples; to above 70. The prepared samples were investigated using XRD to ensure that there are nanotubes in the batch. Then, an efficient purification procedure which combines ntrifugation and precipitation has been applied. As shown in SEM micrograph that more bundles of carbon nanotubes have appeared depending on the degree of prification. The thermal behavior and stability of SWCNTs-Water has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetery [DSC]. Also, XRD of SWNT for different Y and Ni catalysts has been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction.

The discovery of carbon nanomaterials has added to the applications of carbon and created enormous interest in their development, characterization and applications in many different fields. The carbon nanotubes have unique electronic and mechanical properties. Further enhancement of the growth technique raised the nanotube yields; the single-wall [SWNTs] samples; to above 70. The prepared samples were investigated using XRD to ensure that there are nanotubes in the batch. Then, an efficient purification procedure which combines ntrifugation and precipitation has been applied. As shown in SEM micrograph that more bundles of carbon nanotubes have appeared depending on the degree of prification. The thermal behavior and stability of SWCNTs-Water has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetery [DSC]. Also, XRD of SWNT for different Y and Ni catalysts has been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction.

A few-layer graphene nano-flake thin film was prepared by an affordable vacuum kinetic spray method at room temperature and modest low vacuum conditions. In this economical approach, graphite microparticles, a few layers thick, are deposited on a stainless-steel substrate to form few-layer graphene nano-flakes using a nanoparticle deposition system (NPDS). The NPDS allows for a large area deposition at a low cost and can deposit various metal oxides at room temperature and low vacuum conditions. The morphology and structure of the deposited thin films are alterable by changing the scan speed of the deposition. These changes were verified by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical performances of the supercapacitors, fabricated using the deposited films and H3PO4–PVA gel electrolytes with different concentrations, were measured using a 2-electrode cell. The electrochemical performance was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic Charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The proposed affordable fabricated supercapacitors show a high areal capacitance and a small equivalent series resistance.

Herein, we report a direct deposition of nano-structured Ni(OH)2 from micro-sized Ni(OH)2 powder on nickel sheet and nickel foam using nano-particle deposition system, one of the low-vacuum and room temperature vacuum kinetic spray processes. In this work, the deposition of the Ni(OH)2 powder on nickel sheets is carried out with various stand-off-distances (SoDs) and carrier gas pressures. The deposited films are investigated by field-emission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The crystallite size of the nano-structured Ni(OH)2 depends on the SoD and the carrier gas pressure. The electrochemical performance of Ni(OH)2 deposited on nickel sheets is measured by cyclic voltammetry in the 3-electrode cell. The deposition with 5 mm SoD and 0.3 MPa carrier gas pressure is found to be the optimum deposition condition for the nano-structured Ni(OH)2 thin film as an electrode material. The nano-structured Ni(OH)2 thin film deposited with 5 mm SoD and 0.3 MPa carrier gas pressure on nickel foam demonstrates a specific capacitance of 2377 F g−1 at 2 mV s−1 scan rate and 2092 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 current density and excellent cyclic stability for 3000 cycles with 83% capacitance retention.

The combination of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and graphite can result in very promising hybrid electrode material for use in energy storage devices owing to the interesting properties of the combined material, such as an extremely high surface area, and prominent electrical conductivity. In this study, MoS2 powder and graphite powder are mixed with different compositions via the ball milling. A nanoparticle deposition system is used to deposit MoS2–graphite composites on stainless-steel. The morphology and structure of the thin films are evaluated by field-emission scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical performances of supercapacitors fabricated from MoS2–graphite thin films as an electrode material using a two-electrode cell were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The supercapacitor shows better performance at 15% of the MoS2–graphite composition ratio. Moreover, the cyclic stability of the supercapacitor is measured by repeating charging–discharging for 10,000 cycles.