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This paper aims at providing a framework to combine fuzzy
sets and rough sets together via multifunction, which gives rise to several
interesting new concepts such as rough sets, rough fuzzy sets via multi-
function and some properties of them. Although many results reported
here are only concerned with basic properties about these new notions,
one could see that this study presents a very preliminary, but potentially
interesting research direction.

The notion of rough set was originally proposed by Pawlak (1982) [6].Carmel Richard et al.[3] introduce a new topology
called rough topology in terms of the lower and upper approximations of Pawlak approximation space.In this paper, we have introduced
a new topology called rough topology in terms of lower and upper approximations of a rough set via multifunction.In addition we study
and investigate some properties of rough generalized closed sets in rough topological spaces via multifunction (multi rough topological
space).

Our goal of this work is to show the deviations between
some properties of soft approximation spaces and the same properties of
Pawlak approximation space. We also introduce and study the concepts of
soft rough topology and a new class of function called soft rough continuous
functions. Finally some basic properties of these concepts are explored.

The present paper, some well-known theorems have been improved, such as a proof of one theorem and the inverse direction of another theorem in the fuzzifying topological space and the fuzzifying bitopological space. We prove one theorem by use less conditions in the fuzzifying topological space and the fuzzifying bitopological space. Also, we prove the equivalent definition of semi open sets in the fuzzifying topological space and the fuzzifying bitopological space. Additionally, the equivalent definition of the closure operator in the fuzzifying topological space and the fuzzifying bitopological space has been also proved. Finally, some supporting examples are provided.

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a medication used as an anticancer drug and to suppress the immune system. However, its clinical applications are restricted because of the toxic and adverse side effects. The present study investigated the protective effect of acetovanillone (AV), a natural NADPH oxidase inhibitor, against acute lung injury (ALI) induced by CP. Rats were administered AV (100 mg/kg) for 10 days and a single injection of CP (200 mg/kg) at day 7. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed, and lung samples were collected for analyses. CP caused ALI manifested by the histopathological alterations. Lipid peroxidation and NADPH oxidase activity were increased, whereas GSH and antioxidant enzymes were decreased in the lung of CP-intoxicated rats. Oral administration of AV prevented CP-induced lung injury and oxidative stress and enhanced antioxidant defenses. AV downregulated Keap1 and upregulated Nrf2, GCLC, HO-1, and SOD3 mRNA. In addition, AV boosted the expression of PI3K, Akt, mTOR, and cytoglobin. In vitro, AV showed a synergistic anticancer effect when combined with CP. In conclusion, AV protected against CP-induced ALI by attenuating oxidative stress and boosting Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. Therefore, AV might represent a promising adjuvant to prevent lung injury in patients receiving CP.

Methotrexate (MTX) is a promising chemotherapeutic agent. Its medical use is limited by induced nephropathy. Our study was designed to explore the reno-protective effect of diallyl disulfide (DADS), an organosulfur compound of garlic oil, on MTX-induced nephropathy. Adult rats were randomly divided into 4 groups; normal control, DADS (50 mg kg^–1 day^–1, p.o.), MTX (20 mg/kg, i.p.) and DADS+MTX. DADS significantly decreased serum creatinine, urea, uric acid, and albumin levels with an improvement of final body weight. Additionally, DADS markedly attenuated MTX-induced elevations in renal MDA and  contents with an increase in GSH content and SOD activity. Mechanistically, DADS effectively down-regulated mRNA expression level of renal p38 and NF-κB. Additionally, DADS positively regulated the NRF2 gene with a remarkable inhibition of Keap-1 gene. Furthermore, DADS up-regulated BCL2 protein and remarkably suppressed the expression of both BAX and caspase-3 proteins. Overall, DADS has favorable renal protection against MTX-induced nephropathy via modulation of Keap-1/NRF2, p38/NF-κB, and BCL2/BAX/caspase-3 signaling.

Four genera of entomopathogenic fungi and two hyphomycetes were identified from the cadavers of the aphid infesting wheat plants in the two growing seasons of 2013-2014. Entomophthorales was represented by four species belonging to three families; Ancylistaceae represented by Conidiobolus, Entomophthoraceae by Entomophthora planchoniana and Pandora neoaphidis and Neozygitaceae by Neozygites fresenii. The hyphomycetes fungi were represented by two species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii which belong to the family Moniliaceae, order Moniliales. Data show that the aphid began to infest wheat plants early during the middle of January when wheat plants were in the stem-elongation stage. Thereafter, numbers of aphids increased gradually to reach a peak, when the plants were at the flowering stage during the third week of February; during the next three weeks the number of the oat aphid declined sharply. Mortality rate with the fungal pathogens was observed from the end of January up to the end of March. The number of cadavers increased gradually to reach the maximum level during the end of March.