There is a growing concern regarding the adverse effects of pharmaceutical pollution on aquatic environments. The present study investigated the toxicity of different antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on two green algae namely Chlorella sp. and Desmodesmus spinosus. Based on the 96h IC₅₀ values of the two chlorophytes, tetracycline (TET) was more toxic than other antibiotics (ciprofloxacin (CPF) and amoxicillin (AMX)), while paracetamol (PAR) was more toxic than ketoprofen (KET) and diclofenac (DIF). Gross photosynthesis was markedly reduced with most of the investigated drugs, although, the Chl a content was stimulated in a dose-dependent manner. Algal treated cells exhibited elevated malonaldehyde content which reflected several structural and functional cellular damages. Catalase and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were involved in the reduction of reactive oxygen species, but the effects of APX were more pronounced at low drug concentrations. Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed to investigate the combined toxicities of PAR, KET, AMX and TET on D. spinosus in response to growth inhibition and pigment increase. The mutual interactions varied between synergism and antagonism. The BBD analysis indicated that the experimental design could be effectively utilized as a useful tool for ecotoxicological assessment.

Beyond being an excellent protective material for bioentities, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8) have advanced several applications, including biomedical applications. The straightforward synthesis of ZIF-8 at mild conditions improved the biomineralization of several biomolecules, e.g., protein, peptides, carbohydrate, and biological cells, such as viruses and bacterial cells. Bioinspiration of ZIF-8 enhanced and improved the material's applications for biomedicine. This review article summarized the recent achievements of ZIF-8 for biomedical applications, such as cancer therapy, antimicrobial, biosensing, and biocatalysis. ZIF8-based materials advanced cancer therapy via drug delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs, photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), hemodynamic therapy (CDT), gene therapy, and starvation therapy. Antibacterial agent encapsulated ZIF-8 exhibited superior biological activity compared to the free antibacterial agents. ZIF-8 based materials enhanced the selectivity and sensitivity for analytes' biosensing, ensuring their potential for electronic devices. Biocatalysis of enzyme encapsulated ZIF-8 offered high catalytic performance with robust properties for recycling. ZIF-8 acts as a protective host for enzymes, proteins, and drugs from degradation induced due to temperature, solvents, and proteolytic agents. The first part of the review discussed the structure, chemistry, and bioinspiration of ZIF-8. The second part reviewed the biomedical applications of ZIF-8. The potential risks and current challenges of using ZIF-8 for biomedical applications were also reviewed.

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This paper aims at providing a framework to combine fuzzy
sets and rough sets together via multifunction, which gives rise to several
interesting new concepts such as rough sets, rough fuzzy sets via multi-
function and some properties of them. Although many results reported
here are only concerned with basic properties about these new notions,
one could see that this study presents a very preliminary, but potentially
interesting research direction.

The notion of rough set was originally proposed by Pawlak (1982) [6].Carmel Richard et al.[3] introduce a new topology
called rough topology in terms of the lower and upper approximations of Pawlak approximation space.In this paper, we have introduced
a new topology called rough topology in terms of lower and upper approximations of a rough set via multifunction.In addition we study
and investigate some properties of rough generalized closed sets in rough topological spaces via multifunction (multi rough topological
space).

Our goal of this work is to show the deviations between
some properties of soft approximation spaces and the same properties of
Pawlak approximation space. We also introduce and study the concepts of
soft rough topology and a new class of function called soft rough continuous
functions. Finally some basic properties of these concepts are explored.

The present paper, some well-known theorems have been improved, such as a proof of one theorem and the inverse direction of another theorem in the fuzzifying topological space and the fuzzifying bitopological space. We prove one theorem by use less conditions in the fuzzifying topological space and the fuzzifying bitopological space. Also, we prove the equivalent definition of semi open sets in the fuzzifying topological space and the fuzzifying bitopological space. Additionally, the equivalent definition of the closure operator in the fuzzifying topological space and the fuzzifying bitopological space has been also proved. Finally, some supporting examples are provided.

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a medication used as an anticancer drug and to suppress the immune system. However, its clinical applications are restricted because of the toxic and adverse side effects. The present study investigated the protective effect of acetovanillone (AV), a natural NADPH oxidase inhibitor, against acute lung injury (ALI) induced by CP. Rats were administered AV (100 mg/kg) for 10 days and a single injection of CP (200 mg/kg) at day 7. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed, and lung samples were collected for analyses. CP caused ALI manifested by the histopathological alterations. Lipid peroxidation and NADPH oxidase activity were increased, whereas GSH and antioxidant enzymes were decreased in the lung of CP-intoxicated rats. Oral administration of AV prevented CP-induced lung injury and oxidative stress and enhanced antioxidant defenses. AV downregulated Keap1 and upregulated Nrf2, GCLC, HO-1, and SOD3 mRNA. In addition, AV boosted the expression of PI3K, Akt, mTOR, and cytoglobin. In vitro, AV showed a synergistic anticancer effect when combined with CP. In conclusion, AV protected against CP-induced ALI by attenuating oxidative stress and boosting Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. Therefore, AV might represent a promising adjuvant to prevent lung injury in patients receiving CP.

Methotrexate (MTX) is a promising chemotherapeutic agent. Its medical use is limited by induced nephropathy. Our study was designed to explore the reno-protective effect of diallyl disulfide (DADS), an organosulfur compound of garlic oil, on MTX-induced nephropathy. Adult rats were randomly divided into 4 groups; normal control, DADS (50 mg kg^–1 day^–1, p.o.), MTX (20 mg/kg, i.p.) and DADS+MTX. DADS significantly decreased serum creatinine, urea, uric acid, and albumin levels with an improvement of final body weight. Additionally, DADS markedly attenuated MTX-induced elevations in renal MDA and  contents with an increase in GSH content and SOD activity. Mechanistically, DADS effectively down-regulated mRNA expression level of renal p38 and NF-κB. Additionally, DADS positively regulated the NRF2 gene with a remarkable inhibition of Keap-1 gene. Furthermore, DADS up-regulated BCL2 protein and remarkably suppressed the expression of both BAX and caspase-3 proteins. Overall, DADS has favorable renal protection against MTX-induced nephropathy via modulation of Keap-1/NRF2, p38/NF-κB, and BCL2/BAX/caspase-3 signaling.