Identified (n = 17) and unidentified (n = 1) fish-pathogenic fungal species from 10 genera
of Oomycetes and soil fungi were isolated from 40 infected freshwater fish samples of the species
Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (Nile tilapia) and Clarias gariepinus (African catfish). Samples were
collected from various fish farms in the Nile Delta, Egypt. Nile tilapia were tested in aquaria for their
susceptibility to the commonest Oomycetes species, Aphanomyces laevis and Achlya klebsiana, and
also against the 2 most prevalent pathogenic soil fungi, Paecilomyces lilacinus and Phoma herbarum.
Two techniques were used: water bath exposure and intramuscular (subcutaneous) injection. Water
bath exposure to the 2 species of Oomycetes caused greater mortalities of 0. niloticus niloticus than
intramuscular injection, but the reverse was true of the soil fungal species. Regardless of the infection
method, the 2 Oomycetes species were more potent pathogens than the soil fungal species. In both
gills and mytomal muscles of fish infected by A. laevis and P.herbarum, we measured and compared
with controls the oxidative stress parameters total peroxide (TP), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric
oxide (NO), as well as levels of the antioxidants vitamin E and glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase
(SOD) and catalase (CAT)activities. Infection by these 2 fungal species through either spore
suspension or spore injection significantly increased oxidative damage in gills and induced marked
decrease in most studied antioxidants. In addition, both routes showed similar effects and A. laevis
depressed the antioxidants CAT, vitamin E and GSH more than P.herbarum.

We present algorithms for computing the differential geometry properties of Frenet apparatus (t,n,b1,b2,κ1,κ2,κ3) of intersectioncurves of implicit–parametric–parametric and implicit–implicit–parametric hypersurfaces in R4, for transversal intersection. Some examples are given and plotted.

This paper mainly studies the singularities of Gauss Map of pedal hypersurface in R
n +1
. It contains the
geometry of pedal hypersurfaces in R
n +1
and their Gauss maps. The singularity of Gauss map of the pedal
hypersurface using the rank of jacobian matrix of Gauss map is given and classified. The sets of singularities and its
graphs under the Gauss map are plotted.

This paper mainly studies the Singularities of smooth mapping. The singularities of the families of Gauss
maps corresponding to the family of mappings are studied and the shape of these families and their singularities
using mathematica program are illustrated and plotted.

This paper mainly studies the singularities of Gauss Map of pedal hypersurface in R
n +1
. It contains the
geometry of pedal hypersurfaces in R
n +1
and their Gauss maps. The singularity of Gauss map of the pedal
hypersurface using the rank of jacobian matrix of Gauss map is given and classified. The sets of singularities and its
graphs under the Gauss map are plotted.

This paper mainly studies the Singularities of smooth mapping. The singularities of the families of Gauss
maps corresponding to the family of mappings are studied and the shape of these families and their singularities
using mathematica program are illustrated and plotted.

Identified (n = 17) and unidentified (n = 1) fish-pathogenic fungal species from 10 genera
of Oomycetes and soil fungi were isolated from 40 infected freshwater fish samples of the species
Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (Nile tilapia) and Clarias gariepinus (African catfish). Samples were
collected from various fish farms in the Nile Delta, Egypt. Nile tilapia were tested in aquaria for their
susceptibility to the commonest Oomycetes species, Aphanomyces laevis and Achlya klebsiana, and
also against the 2 most prevalent pathogenic soil fungi, Paecilomyces lilacinus and Phoma herbarum.
Two techniques were used: water bath exposure and intramuscular (subcutaneous) injection. Water
bath exposure to the 2 species of Oomycetes caused greater mortalities of 0. niloticus niloticus than
intramuscular injection, but the reverse was true of the soil fungal species. Regardless of the infection
method, the 2 Oomycetes species were more potent pathogens than the soil fungal species. In both
gills and mytomal muscles of fish infected by A. laevis and P.herbarum, we measured and compared
with controls the oxidative stress parameters total peroxide (TP), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric
oxide (NO), as well as levels of the antioxidants vitamin E and glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase
(SOD) and catalase (CAT)activities. Infection by these 2 fungal species through either spore
suspension or spore injection significantly increased oxidative damage in gills and induced marked
decrease in most studied antioxidants. In addition, both routes showed similar effects and A. laevis
depressed the antioxidants CAT, vitamin E and GSH more than P.herbarum.

Identified (n = 17) and unidentified (n = 1) fish-pathogenic fungal species from 10 genera
of Oomycetes and soil fungi were isolated from 40 infected freshwater fish samples of the species
Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (Nile tilapia) and Clarias gariepinus (African catfish). Samples were
collected from various fish farms in the Nile Delta, Egypt. Nile tilapia were tested in aquaria for their
susceptibility to the commonest Oomycetes species, Aphanomyces laevis and Achlya klebsiana, and
also against the 2 most prevalent pathogenic soil fungi, Paecilomyces lilacinus and Phoma herbarum.
Two techniques were used: water bath exposure and intramuscular (subcutaneous) injection. Water
bath exposure to the 2 species of Oomycetes caused greater mortalities of 0. niloticus niloticus than
intramuscular injection, but the reverse was true of the soil fungal species. Regardless of the infection
method, the 2 Oomycetes species were more potent pathogens than the soil fungal species. In both
gills and mytomal muscles of fish infected by A. laevis and P.herbarum, we measured and compared
with controls the oxidative stress parameters total peroxide (TP), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric
oxide (NO), as well as levels of the antioxidants vitamin E and glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase
(SOD) and catalase (CAT)activities. Infection by these 2 fungal species through either spore
suspension or spore injection significantly increased oxidative damage in gills and induced marked
decrease in most studied antioxidants. In addition, both routes showed similar effects and A. laevis
depressed the antioxidants CAT, vitamin E and GSH more than P.herbarum.

We present algorithms for computing the differential geometry properties of Frenet apparatus (t,n,b1,b2,κ1,κ2,κ3) of intersectioncurves of implicit–parametric–parametric and implicit–implicit–parametric hypersurfaces in R4, for transversal intersection. Some examples are given and plotted.

The study of fungal species diversity from
marine algae is in its infancy; as now no studies have
been carried out on the distribution and diversity of
fungi on the surfaces of marine macroalgae where all
fungal–algal interactions tend to begin. The aim of this
study was to isolate and describe the culturable part of
mycobiota associated with the surface of benthic
marine macroalgae (epiphytic or epibiotic fungi). This
is an important step in understanding their abundance,
diversity and factors influencing their variability and
composition. The fungal community was dominated
by Ascomycetes (89%) with Eurotiales as the most
abundant fungal order followed by Capnodiales,
Pleosporales, and Hypocreales, while Zygomycetes
was less frequent. The nature of occurrence of fungal
genera on different macroalgal hosts suggests that a
mix of generalists’ framework applies to fungal
epiphytes of seaweeds, but the abundance of fungal
taxa varied among ecological functional groups of
algae, as well as macroalgal taxonomic groups, which
imply host filtering. The fungal assemblages were also
characterized by temporal variation with variation in
temperature, pH, and salinity as the most important
abiotic factors. The structure of fungal assemblages
showed high beta diversity and low similarity between
hosts.