tThe dynamics of the glass transition in Se76Te21Sb3chalcogenide glass was studied under non-isothermalmeasurements using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The experimental result of the kinetic glasstransition phenomenon, at different heating rates (5–40 K/min), was analyzed on the basis of the relax-ation process occurring in the transition temperature range. The activation energy of the glass transitionwas determined using an advanced isoconversion kinetic methods as well as from the heating ratedependence of the glass transition temperature. The fragility index m of the glass was estimated from themeasurements of the activation energy of the relaxation process, which characterizes the glass transition.Moreover, the isoconversional kinetic analysis of the experimental data show that the activation energyof glass transition process is varying with the degree of transformation (and hence with temperature)from the glassy to the super cooled phase.

tThe dynamics of the glass transition in Se76Te21Sb3chalcogenide glass was studied under non-isothermalmeasurements using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The experimental result of the kinetic glasstransition phenomenon, at different heating rates (5–40 K/min), was analyzed on the basis of the relax-ation process occurring in the transition temperature range. The activation energy of the glass transitionwas determined using an advanced isoconversion kinetic methods as well as from the heating ratedependence of the glass transition temperature. The fragility index m of the glass was estimated from themeasurements of the activation energy of the relaxation process, which characterizes the glass transition.Moreover, the isoconversional kinetic analysis of the experimental data show that the activation energyof glass transition process is varying with the degree of transformation (and hence with temperature)from the glassy to the super cooled phase.

Mycotoxins are produced in a strain-specific way, and elicit some complicated and overlapping toxigenic activities in sensitive species that include carcinogenicity, inhibition of protein synthesis, immunosuppression, dermal irritation, and other metabolic disorders. Mycotoxins usually enter the body via ingestion of contaminated foods, but inhalation of toxigenic spores and direct dermal contact are also important routes. In general, myctoxin exposure is more likely to occur in parts of the World where poor methods of food handling and storage are common, where malnutrition is a problem, and where few regulations exist to protect exposed populations. There is sufficient evidence from animal models and human epidemiological data to conclude that mycotoxins cause an important danger to human and animal health. The mycotoxins of major concern as feed contaminants are aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, zearalenone and fumonisins. Cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation are mechanisms of myctoxins mediated toxicity. The cell can tolerate a small to moderate amount of ROS by antioxidants molecules e.g. vitamin A, E and C, glutathione and the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, peroxidase and transferase. Trichothecenes cause protein synthesis inhibition via binding to the 18s rRNA of the ribosomal subunit as a major mechanism underlying induction of cell apoptosis. T-2 toxin triggers a ribotoxic response through its high binding affinity to peptidyl transferase which is an integral part of the 60s ribosomal subunit and interferes with the metabolism of membrane phospholipids and increases liver lipid peroxides. Thiol (-SH) is thought to induce caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in a GSH-sensitive manner. FB1-induced inhibition of ceramide synthesis can result in a wide spectrum of changes in lipid metabolism and associated lipid-dependent pathways. OTA has complex mechanisms of action that include mitochondrial impairment, formation of OTA-DNA adducts and induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis through caspase activation. Accordingly, the strict control of food quality is necessary to avoid mycotoxicosis.

The toxic effect of an acute dose of Walterinnesia aegyptia crude venom was studied in male albino rats. Liver enzymes,alaninetransaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and gamma glutamyltransferase(γ-GT), total protein concentration and Alkaline phosphatase(ALP) enzyme activity in the liver, abdominal muscles and cerebrum brain were measured at timed intervals of 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 72 h and 7 days post envenomation. The histological changes in the liver sections were simultaneously investigated. These parameters were found to be fluctuated with time, with a tendency to regain to normal control levels within the first 6 h. Histological changes induced by treatment with LD50 of W. aegyptia crude venom in liver 3 to 6 hours post envenomation showed inflammatory cellular infiltrations(ICI) around the hepatic vein, dilated blood sinusoids (S), hepatocyticvacuolations (HV) and prominent van kuffer cells. The 12 to 24 h period seems to be crucial for the process of physiological recovery. Histological changes induced by treatment with LD50 of W. aegyptia crude venom in liver 12, 24, 72 hrs to 7 days post envenomation showed hepatocytic-vacuolations, inflammatory cellular infiltration and dilated sinusoids. Under higher magnification, marginal chromatin (mc) patterns appear in some hepatocytes and clumped chromatin (cm) in others. With this same group, liver sections taken at 72 h and at 7 days showed increased inflammation and vacuolation as evidenced by an increase in inflammatory cells, some pyknotic cells (Pn), widened sinusoids and numerous van Kupffer cells. Fatty change or Steatosis(St) represents the intracytoplasmic accumulation of triglycerides (neutral fats) of parenchymal organs. Physiological adaptation and recovery from an LD50 venom dose seems to be achieved after one week, leaving the animal alive with several lesions especially in the liver (such as pyknotic nuclei, steatosis and clumped chromatin and disturbed physiological profile).

Following the selection of the black clay level at 1.56 m in the DBH section in Dababiya Quarry as the GSSP of the Paleocene / Eocene boundary there arose a question of whether somewhat better preservation of biotic and sedimentary components might be present in the adjacent subsurface. An attempt at retrieving continuous core samples was made in in two locations. The first location was directly beside the GSSP (DBH) surface section, and the drilling continued to depth 20 m from the ground-surface with poor surficial/initial recovery. Asecond corehole was drilled ~ 200meast of the DBD section, and the drilling penetrated to 140 m. The cores were logged lithologically in the field, thenwrapped in plastic sheets and placed in special wood boxes for storage. The cores are now located in the core facilities of the in the Geology Department, Assiut University and are undergoing further studies following recent complementary/ additional sampling by Dupuis, Aubry and Berggren (March 2012).

The Western Desert, Egypt includes the major groundwater aquifer in the country. It is apart from the Major Sahara Nubian Aquifer which is present in Sudan, Chad, Egypt and Libya. Thickness of this aquifer is changed laterally from south to north and also from west to east. The changes may structurally or litheologicalley control. The present study is focused on using of Bouguer gravity anomaly mapped at a scale of 1:500,000 and the lithological logs of about 120 deep wells used to determine the thickness of the sedimentary sequence containing the main Nubian sandstone water aquifer in important area of Egypt. The area is located in the southern part of the Western Desert bounded by the latitudes 22000–26300N, and longitudes 28300–33000E. The predominant structures affecting the basement rocks and the sedimentary cover were traced and analyzed. The gravity stripping approach was applied to eliminate the gravity effects caused by sedimentary sequence and to separate density anomalies within the sedimentary fill from the influence of rocks at deeper levels in the crystalline crust. The study indicated that the surface of the basement rocks is highly rugged and mostly controlled by structures which have a direct effect on thickness variation of the sedimentary cover all over the area. Regionally the area is characterized by two major intracratonic basins (the Dahkla Basin and the Nile valley Basin) separated by a NE–SW trending swell of the Kharga uplift and bounded at the south by the Oweinat–Bir Safsaf–Aswan uplift. These major tectonic units are controlled by fault structures trending in N–S, E–W, NE–SW, NW–SE, which cut the basement rocks and extend upward in the sedimentary cover. The maximum thickness of sandstone formations is recorded at west Oweinat, west Kurkur, southwest of Aswan, Gramashin, Dakhla oasis and some localities west of Sohag and Qena towns. At these localities the thickness ranges between 600 and 900 m. As this formation is the main water aquifer in the study area, therefore these localities are characterized by the presence of big amount of ground water. Accordingly, these areas must take the priority in the sustainable development programs of southern Egypt

The Western Desert, Egypt includes the major groundwater aquifer in the country. It is apart from the Major Sahara Nubian Aquifer which is present in Sudan, Chad, Egypt and Libya. Thickness of this aquifer is changed laterally from south to north and also from west to east. The changes may structurally or litheologicalley control. The present study is focused on using of Bouguer gravity anomaly mapped at a scale of 1:500,000 and the lithological logs of about 120 deep wells used to determine the thickness of the sedimentary sequence containing the main Nubian sandstone water aquifer in important area of Egypt. The area is located in the southern part of the Western Desert bounded by the latitudes 22000–26300N, and longitudes 28300–33000E. The predominant structures affecting the basement rocks and the sedimentary cover were traced and analyzed. The gravity stripping approach was applied to eliminate the gravity effects caused by sedimentary sequence and to separate density anomalies within the sedimentary fill from the influence of rocks at deeper levels in the crystalline crust. The study indicated that the surface of the basement rocks is highly rugged and mostly controlled by structures which have a direct effect on thickness variation of the sedimentary cover all over the area. Regionally the area is characterized by two major intracratonic basins (the Dahkla Basin and the Nile valley Basin) separated by a NE–SW trending swell of the Kharga uplift and bounded at the south by the Oweinat–Bir Safsaf–Aswan uplift. These major tectonic units are controlled by fault structures trending in N–S, E–W, NE–SW, NW–SE, which cut the basement rocks and extend upward in the sedimentary cover. The maximum thickness of sandstone formations is recorded at west Oweinat, west Kurkur, southwest of Aswan, Gramashin, Dakhla oasis and some localities west of Sohag and Qena towns. At these localities the thickness ranges between 600 and 900 m. As this formation is the main water aquifer in the study area, therefore these localities are characterized by the presence of big amount of ground water. Accordingly, these areas must take the priority in the sustainable development programs of southern Egypt

Riverbank filtration (RBF) is an efficient and low-cost natural alternative technology for water supply application in which surface water contaminants are removed or degraded as the infiltrating water moves from the river to the pumping wells. In this study, a full-scale RBF site consisting of three vertical wells installed 50 m from Nile bank was investigated. The RBF systems are particularly well suited for providing better water quality than withdrawal directly from the Nile River to produce drinking water for New Aswan city. The study is carried out by taking samples over 1 year from riverbank filtrates wells, Nile River (as induced surface water), and some production wells were collected and analyzed. Physicochemical and microbiological measurements such as turbidity, dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids, total organic carbon, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, pH, Fe, Mn, NH3, NO2, NO3, PO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, SO4, Cl, total bacteria, and total coliform were carried out. The results of bank filtrate were compared with those of the natural groundwater and previous reported Nile water. Chemical and bacterial quality parameters of RBF are under the allowable limits for drinkingwater.Moreover, bank filtration is simultaneously improved the ambient groundwater and cleaned Nile water in the studied area. Result of this full-scale RBF plant showed the effectiveness of riverbank filtration as a proven treatment technique in Nile Valley with a fraction of cost comparing to conventional surface treatment plants.

A series of six pharmaceutically promising 5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[b][1]benzazepine derivatives (1c–h) were cleanly prepared by Friedel–Crafts cyclialkylations of nitrogen-containing alkanols in the presence of AlCl3, 85% H2SO4 or polyphosphoric acid catalysts. The precursor alkanols (13a–f) were readily prepared by reaction of two synthesized carboxylic acid esters (12a, b) with different Grignard reagents. Also, two dibenzo[b,f]azepinones (15a, b) were prepared by Friedel–Crafts cycliacylation and reduced to the corresponding 5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[b][1]benzazepines (1a, b). Overall, this approach allows easy and efficient access to polytricyclic amines from easily synthesized alkanols or cycloketones. A plausible carbocation mechanism is proposed to account for the results.

A series of six pharmaceutically promising 5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[b][1]benzazepine derivatives (1c–h) were cleanly prepared by Friedel–Crafts cyclialkylations of nitrogen-containing alkanols in the presence of AlCl3, 85% H2SO4 or polyphosphoric acid catalysts. The precursor alkanols (13a–f) were readily prepared by reaction of two synthesized carboxylic acid esters (12a, b) with different Grignard reagents. Also, two dibenzo[b,f]azepinones (15a, b) were prepared by Friedel–Crafts cycliacylation and reduced to the corresponding 5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[b][1]benzazepines (1a, b). Overall, this approach allows easy and efficient access to polytricyclic amines from easily synthesized alkanols or cycloketones. A plausible carbocation mechanism is proposed to account for the results.