Um método versátil e com rápida sensibilidade para a determinação individual e simultânea
das drogas anticancerígenas emodina (Em) e irinotecano (Irino) em fluidos biológicos baseados
na voltametria de onda quadrada (SWV) utilizando um eletrodo de grafite de lápis renovável
(PGE), foi investigado. A acumulação adsortiva controlada de Em e Irino na superfície PGE foi
explorada para a determinação de traços de drogas anticancerígenas em fluidos biológicos. Sob
as condições experimentais otimizadas como o pH do eletrólito suporte, potencial e tempo de
acumulação e parâmetros eletroquímicos, curvas de calibração para análise de traços de Em e
Irino individualmente e simultaneamente, mostraram uma excelente resposta linear. Os limites
de detecção 5,17 × 10-10 e 1,68 × 10-9 mol L-1 de Em e Irino foram obtidos usando SWV em um
PGE, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos mostraram boa estabilidade, reprodutibilidade,
repetibilidade e alta recuperação para a determinação de traços das duas drogas em fluidos
biológicos. A análise estatística e os dados da curva de calibração para determinação de traços de
Em e Irino individualmente, bem como, simultaneamente, são relatados.
A rapid sensitive and versatile method for the individual and simultaneous determination of
the anticancer drugs emodin (Em) and irinotecan (Irino) in biological fluids based on the square
wave voltammetry (SWV) using a renewable pencil graphite electrode (PGE) was investigated.
Controlled adsorptive accumulation of both Em and Irino on the PGE surface was exploited for
trace determination of the anticancer drugs in biological fluids. Under the optimized experimental
conditions such as supporting electrolyte pH, accumulation potential and time and electrochemical
parameters, calibration curves for trace assay of Em and Irino individually and simultaneously
showed an excellent linear response. Limits of detection of 5.17 × 10-10 and 1.68 × 10-9 mol L-1
Em and Irino in bulk form were achieved using SWV at a PGE, respectively. The obtained results
showed good stability, reproducibility, repeatability and high recovery to assay of two drugs in
biological fluids. The statistical analysis and the calibration curve data for trace determination of
Em and Irino individually as well as simultaneously are reported.

The effect of salinity stress on some parameters pertaining to the water
relations of three important crop plants, flax (Linum usitatissimum), cotton
(Gossypium barbadense) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) was studied. Such
parameters investigated were: diurnal patterns of transpiration and relative
water content of plants adjusted to different levels of soil osmotic
water potential, 1J!s' using osmotica of NaCI and CaCl2 at a fixed sodium adsorption
ratio (SAR) of l/S' Correlation analyses of obtained data revealed
important facts: 1) Both temperature and VPD of air interfere in action
with 1J!s in affecting transpiration, the interference magnitude is very high
with cotton and not existant with wheat; 2) The osmotic potential of leaves
may serve to maintain high relative water content, indicated by the significant
positive correlation between both, in flax and cotton (not in wheat);
3) Soil osmotic water potential, 1J!s' induces significant reduction in transpiration
rate, the reduction being dependant on evaporative power of air,
especially in flax and cotton. The significance of the results obtained, in
practical applications, is discussed.

The effect of salinity stress on some parameters pertaining to the water
relations of three important crop plants, flax (Linum usitatissimum), cotton
(Gossypium barbadense) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) was studied. Such
parameters investigated were: diurnal patterns of transpiration and relative
water content of plants adjusted to different levels of soil osmotic
water potential, 1J!s' using osmotica of NaCI and CaCl2 at a fixed sodium adsorption
ratio (SAR) of l/S' Correlation analyses of obtained data revealed
important facts: 1) Both temperature and VPD of air interfere in action
with 1J!s in affecting transpiration, the interference magnitude is very high
with cotton and not existant with wheat; 2) The osmotic potential of leaves
may serve to maintain high relative water content, indicated by the significant
positive correlation between both, in flax and cotton (not in wheat);
3) Soil osmotic water potential, 1J!s' induces significant reduction in transpiration
rate, the reduction being dependant on evaporative power of air,
especially in flax and cotton. The significance of the results obtained, in
practical applications, is discussed.

Sand culture technique was applied to investigate the effect of salinity
and lAA on growth, photosynthetic pigments and mineral elements concentration
of rocket and tomato plants. At certain salinity levels the growth of the
shoots of the test plants was significantly reduced whether the plants were
treated or not with lAA. The total pigment concentration, and pigment fractions
of the leaves were variably affected under the treatments used. Sodium
concentration showed an increased trend by salinization. Potassium level of
tomato shoots exhibited an irregular picture, whereas its level showed an

Sand culture technique was applied to investigate the effect of salinity
and lAA on growth, photosynthetic pigments and mineral elements concentration
of rocket and tomato plants. At certain salinity levels the growth of the
shoots of the test plants was significantly reduced whether the plants were
treated or not with lAA. The total pigment concentration, and pigment fractions
of the leaves were variably affected under the treatments used. Sodium
concentration showed an increased trend by salinization. Potassium level of
tomato shoots exhibited an irregular picture, whereas its level showed an

Twelve species of salt excreting halophytes were collected from the salt marshes
along the Red Sea (arid) and the west Mediterranean (semi-arid) coasts in Egypt.
Those species belonged to seven genera and six families. The data revealed that the
structure of the salt glands varied greatly among the investigated taxa and can be
categorized in five groups. These groups are the vesiculated hairs or bladders of
Chenopodiaceae; glands of Tamaricaceae and Frankeniaceae; glands of Plumbaginaceae;
glands of Avicennia marina and glands of Aeluropus lagopoides. The results
revealed also that the excreted salts are mostly composed of NaCI, but with more or
less selectivity among different species. The composition of other ions varied also
according to the different species.

Twelve species of salt excreting halophytes were collected from the salt marshes
along the Red Sea (arid) and the west Mediterranean (semi-arid) coasts in Egypt.
Those species belonged to seven genera and six families. The data revealed that the
structure of the salt glands varied greatly among the investigated taxa and can be
categorized in five groups. These groups are the vesiculated hairs or bladders of
Chenopodiaceae; glands of Tamaricaceae and Frankeniaceae; glands of Plumbaginaceae;
glands of Avicennia marina and glands of Aeluropus lagopoides. The results
revealed also that the excreted salts are mostly composed of NaCI, but with more or
less selectivity among different species. The composition of other ions varied also
according to the different species.

Twelve species of salt excreting halophytes were collected from the salt marshes
along the Red Sea (arid) and the west Mediterranean (semi-arid) coasts in Egypt.
Those species belonged to seven genera and six families. The data revealed that the
structure of the salt glands varied greatly among the investigated taxa and can be
categorized in five groups. These groups are the vesiculated hairs or bladders of
Chenopodiaceae; glands of Tamaricaceae and Frankeniaceae; glands of Plumbaginaceae;
glands of Avicennia marina and glands of Aeluropus lagopoides. The results
revealed also that the excreted salts are mostly composed of NaCI, but with more or
less selectivity among different species. The composition of other ions varied also
according to the different species.

Salin irrigation solutio:" pf ICOO, :'tODD. and 6000 p.p.ill. made up
of CaClz :md NaCl were supplied To the plants under test. The
carbohydrate content. photosynthetic pigments as well as the conc:
entralion of chloropbyll.s :lnd internal osmotic pre~.sure of carrot
:lnd beet plants were determined :IS grown at the stress levels specified
in sand cultures for 17 weeks. The same parameters were also
determined when thesc stressed plants wcrc spr:.lyed with GA3
solution :.It 50 p.p.l11. There was :J trend of relative increase in
osmotic pressure accompanied with rcduction in the waler content
of the treated plants. The carbohydrate level tcnded to increase in
carrot shoots, however lhis level shl1wed ;)n irregular sequence of
hydrolysablc sugars associ:1(ed with :1 decreasing leyel of soluble
sugars of beet shoots at all spt'cified treatments and the vice Jlersa
with respect to beet rools. Photosynthctic pigments exhibited
increasing sequence cf beet leaves ill lomTliSL with the data or
carrot leaves at aU investigated treatment'i. The application of GA3
solution to the plants grown Ullder salin!t!' failed to reverse the salinity effect.

Salin irrigation solutio:" pf ICOO, :'tODD. and 6000 p.p.ill. made up
of CaClz :md NaCl were supplied To the plants under test. The
carbohydrate content. photosynthetic pigments as well as the conc:
entralion of chloropbyll.s :lnd internal osmotic pre~.sure of carrot
:lnd beet plants were determined :IS grown at the stress levels specified
in sand cultures for 17 weeks. The same parameters were also
determined when thesc stressed plants wcrc spr:.lyed with GA3
solution :.It 50 p.p.l11. There was :J trend of relative increase in
osmotic pressure accompanied with rcduction in the waler content
of the treated plants. The carbohydrate level tcnded to increase in
carrot shoots, however lhis level shl1wed ;)n irregular sequence of
hydrolysablc sugars associ:1(ed with :1 decreasing leyel of soluble
sugars of beet shoots at all spt'cified treatments and the vice Jlersa
with respect to beet rools. Photosynthctic pigments exhibited
increasing sequence cf beet leaves ill lomTliSL with the data or
carrot leaves at aU investigated treatment'i. The application of GA3
solution to the plants grown Ullder salin!t!' failed to reverse the salinity effect.