A study of the spectroscopic properties, as well as polarizability and optical basicity of TeO2–B2O3 glasses doped with CuO using density, XRD, and UV–Vis analysis, is presented in this paper. The TeO2–B2O3 – CuO glasses are fabricated using the melt-quenching method. The glasses proved to be amorphous in nature from the XRD which was confirmed by the UV–Vis spectra. The peak observed in the pattern of the 0% CuO sample represents the presence of a crystalline phase of α-TeO2 and/or γ-TeO2. Important optical and physical parameters are discussed such as the refractive index (2.318–2.378), metallization criterion (0.4069–0.3919), optical basicity (0.7995–0.8057), electronic polarizability (0.2358–0.2410), linear dielectric susceptibility (0.3480–0.3704 esu), and third order non-linear dielectric susceptibility (1.466 ×1012–1.882 ×1012 esu). Based on the refractive index, metallization criterion, electronic polarizability, optical basicity, and dielectric susceptibility values, the glasses could present great potential applications in fiber optics and laser applications.

This article has attempted to establish eco-friendly organic PVA/Al2O3 nanocomposite membranes and estimate the effectiveness of different additives (1, 2, and 3 wt%) of alumina (Al2O3) nano-filler in PVA matrix on their structural and optical properties for establishing their suitability in photonic applications. Al2O3 nano-filler dispersed in the PVA matrix has been synthesized via the solvent casting technique. The structure of synthe sized PVA/Al2O3 nanocomposite membranes has been characterized by Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Upon introducing the Al2O3 nano-filler in the PVA matrix, the self-hydrogen bonding between the PVA chains was weakened while hydrogen bonding with Al2O3 was gener ated. In addition, optical, dielectric, and dispersion analysis suggested that even though the Al2O3 nano-filler in PVA/Al2O3 nanocomposite membranes aided in regularly folding the PVA polymer chains. Moreover, formed new structural defects, disorders, and impurities can be used for tuning the PVA/Al2O3 nanocomposites for optoelectronic applications and for making efficient absorbents for environmental treatments.

Herein, the structure, thermal stability, optical, magnetic characteristics, and adsorption performance towards methylene blue (MB) of Sn1-xZn2xCr2O5 nanocomposites (x =0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, and 1), prepared by the hydrothermal method, were investigated. The crystal structures, elemental chemical compositions and surface morphology were conducted using XRD, TEM, EDX, and SEM techniques. The structural parameters significantly depend on the elemental composition. For example, a tetragonal SnO2 phase was formed at x =0, and 0.2, while a spinel-structured ZnCr2O4 was formed at x ≥0.4 beside the orthorhombic CrO3 phases. The mass magnetic susceptibility and magnetization of the Sn1-xZn2xCr2O5 nanocomposites displayed a weak room temperature ferromagnetism behavior. The maximum surface area (100.89 m2/g), evaluated via the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, was achieved for Sn0.6Zn0.8Cr2O5 nanocomposite. The optical band gap and Urbach energy show opposite trends and are slightly influenced by Zn content. Moreover, the impact of the Zn2+ ratio on the structure, optical, thermal stability, and magnetic characteristics was correlated. The adsorption performance of the Sn1-xZn2xCr2O5 nanocomposite (0 ≤x ≤0.6) revealed an excellent removal efficiency (max ~87.64%) to wards MB dye with apparent rate kinetic constant of 44.9 ×10–2 min–1.

Photonic crystals (PCs) based on porous anodic materials have been proven to be a potent and versatile instrument for the emergence of new technologies with a wide range of applications. Their lower production costs are one of the key advantages, making PC-based systems more widely available and appropriate for industrial manufacturing. The ability to produce well-defined pores on metal oxide and semiconductor surfaces has experienced a major renaissance due to the striking differences in characteristics between porous surfaces and dense oxide layers. In this review, we give a general overview of the progress of PC fabrication based on porous surfaces of anodized aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and titanium (Ti) using various anodization techniques, and their optical characteristics and applications are discussed. The anodizing conditions have a large influence on the pore geometry of the produced porous surfaces. The review fully focuses on the advancements made in manufacturing anodic aluminum oxide (AAO), porous silicon (pSi), and titanium-dioxide nanotube (TNT) PCs manufactured using self-ordered anodization under varied conditions. Addi tionally, a critical assessment of the upcoming developments in PC manufacturing and their optical characteristics suitable for various photonic devices is provided.

In this work, a realized Fano resonance due to the coupling between two 1DTPC is pro posed for refractive index sensing with an ultra-high-quality factor of 106. The generated Fano can be assigned to the coupling between topological edge states of two 1D TPCs. The resulting Fano peak is characteristic with a high transmission value reach to 99% with high sensing performance parameters making the proposed sensor a novel detector for refractive index. The proposed coupling 1D TPCs show a high sensitivity value of 888.252 nm/RIU, ultra-high-quality factor and figure of merit value reach 106, and perfect detection limit value of 10−7. The proposed coupling 1D TPCs provides a straightforward platform for sensing refractive index applications with high performance.

In this work, a nanopowder of porous molybdenum (Mo) oxides with different polymorphs were prepared by anodizing the Mo sheet in ethylene glycol solution containing fluoride at 60, 70, and 80 V for 30 min. Synthesized Mo oxides showed remarkable changes in their structural parameters and morphology upon the anodization voltage which were confirmed using X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, N₂ adsorption-desorption, and field emission scanning electron microscopic. Anodized Mo is composed of α-MoO₃, β-MoO₃, β-MoO₂, and β-Mo₉O₂₆ phases. Synthesized Mo oxides were used, as a catalyst, for the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB), and results were compared to the literature. The maximum observed efficiency, ∼65%, towards MB was achieved using anodized Mo at 70 V (MO70) under UV–visible irradiation for 85 min. The N₂ adsorption-desorption analysis revealed that MO70 exhibits the smallest particle size and greatest surface area among other samples. The performance of MB adsorption was investigated using several kinetic adsorption models and the pseudo-second-order model being the ideal one. The maximum adsorption constant is 1.4 × 10⁻² g/(mg min) and the amount of MB that degraded at equilibrium is 5.52 mg/g for MO70. The anodization of Mo generated various polymorphs semiconductors which provide an excellent platform for the removal of toxic organic dyes from the wastewater.

Thestructuralandopticalproperties,aswellasdielectriccharacteristicsatvariousfrequencies(0.1Hz —20MHz)andtemperatures,T(300–400K),ofhydrothermallysynthesizedSnO2nanoparticles, Cu/SnO2,andFe/SnO2compositeshavebeeninvestigated.Thecrystalstructureismostlyformedofa tetragonal SnO2phase,withasecondphaseofmonoclinicCuOorrhombohedralFe2O3detectedin Cu/SnO2,andFe/SnO2composites,respectively.Thedirectopticalbandgap,residualdielectric constant,anddensityofchargecarriersareincreased,whileacconductivity(σac)anddielectric constantdecreasedinCu/SnO2andFe/SnO2.Thevalueofσacwasdecreasedwhiletheelectric Q-factorwasincreasedbyincreasingT.SnO2obeyedthehole-conductionmechanismfor400 T(K) 300,whileCu/SnO2andFe/SnO2obeyedtheelectronic-conductionmechanismfor400 T (K)>300.Thebindingenergyisindependentof TforSnO2,whereasitincreaseswithrisingTfor Cu/SnO2andFe/SnO2composites.F-factorandelectronicpolarizabilityareimprovedbyariseof T for SnO2andCu/SnO2meanwhilearedecreasedforFe/SnO2.Theelectricalimpedanceofthegrains andtheirboundariesaswellasequivalentcapacitanceareincreasedbyincreasingTandhavehigher valuesforFe/SnO2atT>300K.TheobtainedresultsrecommendthesynthesizedCu/SnO2and Fe/SnO2compositestobeusedascatalystsforwaterpurification,anodesforlithiumbatteries, supercapacitors, andsolarcellapplicationsamongstothers.

The effect of annealing temperature (Ta= 200, 250, and 300 °C) on the structural properties, ac conductivity, and complex dielectric constants ( ϵ and ϵ ) of indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) thin films (~ 90 nm thick)/0.5 mm boro-float substrates (BFS) synthesized by radio frequency (RF) sputtering is investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination demon strated that indium was successfully substituted with tin atoms to form ITO films and the crystallite size for the cubic phase, as well as particle size, were impacted by Ta. The real part of complex dielectric constants ( ) was significantly reduced for all ITO/BFS from the range of 2.7 × 104–5.1 × 104 to 5.3–19 as the frequency (f) was increased to 0.25 Hz, while it remained constant for further increases in f. The value of ϵ ϵ for the as-prepared ITO/BFS was increased as Ta increased up to 250 °C, then was decreased at Ta=300 °C. A similar finding was detected for the loss factor with no obser vation of any relaxation peaks. The Q-factor was increased for all ITO/BFS as f increased to 100 Hz and then was reduced with increasing f up to 20 MHz, while steadily increasing with Ta. The deduced frequency exponent is greater than 0.5 for the ITO/BFS, indicating their electronic conduction nature. The density of the localized states and hopping frequency of the ITO/BFS were increased by annealing at 200 °C, meanwhile was decreased for Ta = 300 °C. The binding energy was decreased from 0.647 eV for the as-prepared ITO/BFS to 0.518 eV by annealing at 200 °C, meanwhile was increased to 0.74 and 0.863 eV for Ta equals 250, and 300 °C, respectively. The Cole-Cole plots revealed a single semicircular arc for all films, and their corresponding equivalent circuit was analyzed. The equivalent bulk resistance was gradually decreased by annealing in the range of 200–300 °C, whereas the equivalent capacitance was increased. The resistance of grains and resistance of grain boundaries of the as-prepared ITO/BFS was gradually decreased by increasing Ta to 250 °C, while it was increased for Ta = 300 °C. These outcomes recommended the RF sputtered ITO/BFS for high-frequency devices, integrated circuits, and supercapacitors.

Incorporation of different ratios (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 wt%) of graphene nano plates (GNPs) or multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) within polyvinylchlo ride (PVC) via casting method has been examined to improve their structural and linear/nonlinear optical performance. The structural study was carried out using an AFM, FTIR, FE-SEM, and XRD. Different surface and intermolecular structural modifications are induced depending on the dispersed nano-filler type in the PVC matrix. FTIR analysis revealed the disappearance of the –OH and C–H bands accompanied by the appearance of new bands related to the C=O and C–O stretching modes with different intensities for PVC/GNPs and PVC/MWCNTs nanocomposites. The linear and nonlinear optical measurements were performed using a double-beam spectrophotometer and the optoelectronic parameters were deduced from the transmission and reflectance spectra. Optical parameters and constants such as the direct and indirect energy gap, single oscillator energy, dis persion energy, ratio of carrier concentration to its effective mass, lattice and infi nite frequency dielectric constant, the linear/nonlinear refractive index, and the third-order susceptibility, based on the types and concentrations of the dispersed GNPs or MWCNTs in the PVC matrix are discussed. The solar skin protection factor (SSPF) of PVC/GNPs nanocomposite with 1 wt% of GNPs increased from 0.7 to 13.5%, while the same MWCNTs contents increased SSPF factor to 11.9%. The calculated optical parameters were found to be GNPs and/or MWCNTs wt% dependent due to their different individual properties and geometry. The present work revealed a guide for tuning the PVC optical properties using both types of nano-filler for usage in flexible optoelectronic applications.

The anodization of pure aluminum (Al) thin films of 0.5 μm thick on Titanium nitride/Silicon (TiN/Si) substrate in the lithium-based electrolytes at 2.5 V was performed to form porous and mesh morphologies of alumina–lithium composites. The electrochemical analysis through the anodization process and the morphology using a scanning electron microscope of the obtained porous alumina–lithium composites were discussed. The anodization of Al/TiN/Si films in lithium-based elec trolytes resulted in the synthesis of ultra-thin walls porous anodic alumina (PAA) with incorporated lithium ions confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The impedance spectroscopy was performed to study the influence of incorporated lithium ions into the PAA matrix on its electronic properties. The impedance spectroscopy analysis revealed an improvement in the electri cal impedance of the formed PAA compared to the insulated alumina. In addition, its impedance data show a capacitance behavior with a low series resistance value which can be exploited for high-performance battery applications.