Titanium implants can fail due to inappropriate biomechanics at the bone–implant interface that leads to suboptimal osseointegration. Titania nanotubes (TNTs) fabricated on Ti implants by the electrochemical process have emerged as a promising modification strategy to facilitate osseointegration. TNTs enable augmentation of bone cell functions at the bone–implant interface and can be tailored to incorporate multiple functionalities including the loading of active biomolecules into the nanotubes to target anabolic processes in bone conditions such as osteoporotic fractures. Advanced functions can be introduced, including biopolymers, nanoparticles and electrical stimulation to release growth factors in a desired manner. This review describes the application of TNTs for enhancing osteogenesis at the bone–implant interface, as an alternative approach to systemic delivery of therapeutic agents.

Non-ionic surfactant vesicles containing fluconazole (FLZ) were prepared using, span 60 or span 80 and cholesterol in weight ratios of 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2. The prepared vesicles were characterized for size, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release. The drug encapsulation efficiencies varied from 40.0% to 84.35%. The particle size ranged from 140 to 280 nm. Higher encapsulation was obtained by the span 60: cholesterol ratio of 2:1, which showed the best drug release. The selected niosomal formulations were incorporated into poloxamer 407 and chitosan gel formulations. Drug release from niosomal dispersions and niosomal gels, permeation of drug from niosomal gels through goat cornea and its antifungal activity were evaluated. Results showed that the surfactant: cholesterol ratio had a significant effect on the encapsulation efficiency and the size of vesicles. The niosomes prepared with 2:1 surfactant: cholesterol showed superior release over the other niosomal formulations. The drug release and permeation from poloxamer gel were higher than that from chitosan gel. Permeation study showed that, the flux of drug was dependent on the viscosity of the gel. The selected niosomal gels had excellent antifungal activity where the poloxamer niosomal gel was more effective compared to chitosan niosomal gel.

Niosomes have been reported as a possible approach to improve low skin permeation shown by conventional vehicles. In this study, a noisome-based delivery system of meloxicam (MX) was developed and characterized for in vitro performance. Niosomes were prepared by reverse-phase evaporation method (REV) using different non ionic surfactants and cholesterol in different molar ratios (1:1, 2:1, 3:1,1: 2 and 1:3) and different drug loading (5, 10 and 15 mg). The used surfactants included Tweens (20, 40 and 80), Brij (35 and 58) and Myrj 52. The prepared systems were characterized for entrapment efficiency, and in-vitro release. Accordingly, selected systems were evaluated for vesicle size, and formulated into different hydrogel bases (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and sodium alginate). Invitro drug release from the different formulations was studied over a period of 8 hr. Effect of formulation additives on drug release was also investigated. The anti-inflammatory activity of the selected formulations was evaluated by the paw edema test. Results showed high encapsulation efficiency which ranged from about 81.93% to 99.23%. The highest entrapment efficiency was obtained with 1:1 surfactant: cholesterol ratio and 15 mg drug loading, so niosomes prepared by this ratio were selected for further studies. Particle size ranged from 4.047 to 12.334 μm for different niosomal systems. In vitro drug release from different gel formulations containing 0.3% MX was compared to that from the same formulations containing 0.3% niosomally entrapped drug. In all formulations the drug release was more sustained in case of niosomally entrapped drug. Incorporation of glycerol and propylene glycol as formulation additives into gel formulations markedly enhanced the drug release, but the release from gels containing niosomally entrapped drug was still delayed

Niosomes have been reported as a possible approach to improve low skin permeation shown by conventional vehicles. In this study, a noisome-based delivery system of meloxicam (MX) was developed and characterized for in vitro performance. Niosomes were prepared by reverse-phase evaporation method (REV) using different non ionic surfactants and cholesterol in different molar ratios (1:1, 2:1, 3:1,1: 2 and 1:3) and different drug loading (5, 10 and 15 mg). The used surfactants included Tweens (20, 40 and 80), Brij (35 and 58) and Myrj 52. The prepared systems were characterized for entrapment efficiency, and in-vitro release. Accordingly, selected systems were evaluated for vesicle size, and formulated into different hydrogel bases (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and sodium alginate). Invitro drug release from the different formulations was studied over a period of 8 hr. Effect of formulation additives on drug release was also investigated. The anti-inflammatory activity of the selected formulations was evaluated by the paw edema test. Results showed high encapsulation efficiency which ranged from about 81.93% to 99.23%. The highest entrapment efficiency was obtained with 1:1 surfactant: cholesterol ratio and 15 mg drug loading, so niosomes prepared by this ratio were selected for further studies. Particle size ranged from 4.047 to 12.334 μm for different niosomal systems. In vitro drug release from different gel formulations containing 0.3% MX was compared to that from the same formulations containing 0.3% niosomally entrapped drug. In all formulations the drug release was more sustained in case of niosomally entrapped drug. Incorporation of glycerol and propylene glycol as formulation additives into gel formulations markedly enhanced the drug release, but the release from gels containing niosomally entrapped drug was still delayed

Nonionic surfactant vesicles containing celecoxib (CXB) as an anti-inflammatory drug were prepared using, Span 60 or Span 40 and cholesterol in the ratios of 1:0, 1:1 and 1:2. Prepared vesicles were characterized for encapsulation efficiency, particle size and drug release. The drug encapsulation efficiencies varied from 60.55 to 80.35%. The vesicle size ranged from 170 to 235 nm. The high encapsulation was achieved by the ratio 1:1 of span 60: cholesterol and this formula showed significant in vitro release of the drug (80%) as compared to other forms (P 0.05). Among niosomal gels investigated, poloxamer 407 niosomal gel showed significant drug release (72% after 12 h) over the other forms (P 0.05). The results also showed that the release of CXB from the niosomes and niosomal gels obeyed the Higuchi’s diffusion model. The anti-inflammatory activity of the drug from different niosomal gel formulations was also studied using Carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. The results showed that there is significant anti-inflammatory activity (75.45%) of the poloxamer niosomal gel on rat paw edema (P 0.05).

Nonionic surfactant vesicles containing celecoxib (CXB) as an anti-inflammatory drug were prepared using, Span 60 or Span 40 and cholesterol in the ratios of 1:0, 1:1 and 1:2. Prepared vesicles were characterized for encapsulation efficiency, particle size and drug release. The drug encapsulation efficiencies varied from 60.55 to 80.35%. The vesicle size ranged from 170 to 235 nm. The high encapsulation was achieved by the ratio 1:1 of span 60: cholesterol and this formula showed significant in vitro release of the drug (80%) as compared to other forms (P 0.05). Among niosomal gels investigated, poloxamer 407 niosomal gel showed significant drug release (72% after 12 h) over the other forms (P 0.05). The results also showed that the release of CXB from the niosomes and niosomal gels obeyed the Higuchi’s diffusion model. The anti-inflammatory activity of the drug from different niosomal gel formulations was also studied using Carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. The results showed that there is significant anti-inflammatory activity (75.45%) of the poloxamer niosomal gel on rat paw edema (P 0.05).

Nonionic surfactant vesicles containing celecoxib (CXB) as an anti-inflammatory drug were prepared using, Span 60 or Span 40 and cholesterol in the ratios of 1:0, 1:1 and 1:2. Prepared vesicles were characterized for encapsulation efficiency, particle size and drug release. The drug encapsulation efficiencies varied from 60.55 to 80.35%. The vesicle size ranged from 170 to 235 nm. The high encapsulation was achieved by the ratio 1:1 of span 60: cholesterol and this formula showed significant in vitro release of the drug (80%) as compared to other forms (P 0.05). Among niosomal gels investigated, poloxamer 407 niosomal gel showed significant drug release (72% after 12 h) over the other forms (P 0.05). The results also showed that the release of CXB from the niosomes and niosomal gels obeyed the Higuchi’s diffusion model. The anti-inflammatory activity of the drug from different niosomal gel formulations was also studied using Carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. The results showed that there is significant anti-inflammatory activity (75.45%) of the poloxamer niosomal gel on rat paw edema (P 0.05).

Multidrug resistance (MDR), a major cause for chemotherapy failure, has been linked to upregulation of ATP-dependent membrane efflux systems that limit intracellular accumulation of cytotoxic anticancer agents. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) encoded by the human ABCB1 gene was the first efflux transporter identified to contribute to MDR. ABCB1 gene expression is correlated with constitutive activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in tumor cells. The objective of this research is to modulate P-gp activity in colon cancer cells using NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) that are effectively delivered into the nucleus of colorectal cancer cells by self-assembling nonviral nanoparticles comprising the novel poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]-poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl-methacrylate) diblock copolymer (pHPMA-b-pDMAEMA). Ethidium bromide intercalation and gel retardation assays demonstrated high DNA condensation capacity of pHPMA-b-pDMAEMA. Nanoparticles prepared with and without decoy ODNs did not significantly compromise cellular safety at N/P ratios ≤ 4. Transfection efficiency of pHPMA-b-pDMAEMA polyplexes (N/P = 4) in Caco-2 cells was comparable to TurboFect transfection standard, resulting in a 98% reduction in P-gp protein levels. As a pharmacodynamic consequence, intracellular accumulation of the P-gp substrate Rhodamine123 significantly increased by almost twofold. In conclusion, NF-κB ODN polyplexes fabricated with pHPMA-b-pDMAEMA polymer effectively reduced P-gp-mediated efflux activity in Caco-2 cells, suggesting successful interference with NF-κB-binding sites in the promoter region of the ABCB1 gene.

Multidrug resistance (MDR), a major cause for chemotherapy failure, has been linked to upregulation of ATP-dependent membrane efflux systems that limit intracellular accumulation of cytotoxic anticancer agents. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) encoded by the human ABCB1 gene was the first efflux transporter identified to contribute to MDR. ABCB1 gene expression is correlated with constitutive activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in tumor cells. The objective of this research is to modulate P-gp activity in colon cancer cells using NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) that are effectively delivered into the nucleus of colorectal cancer cells by self-assembling nonviral nanoparticles comprising the novel poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]-poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl-methacrylate) diblock copolymer (pHPMA-b-pDMAEMA). Ethidium bromide intercalation and gel retardation assays demonstrated high DNA condensation capacity of pHPMA-b-pDMAEMA. Nanoparticles prepared with and without decoy ODNs did not significantly compromise cellular safety at N/P ratios ≤ 4. Transfection efficiency of pHPMA-b-pDMAEMA polyplexes (N/P = 4) in Caco-2 cells was comparable to TurboFect transfection standard, resulting in a 98% reduction in P-gp protein levels. As a pharmacodynamic consequence, intracellular accumulation of the P-gp substrate Rhodamine123 significantly increased by almost twofold. In conclusion, NF-κB ODN polyplexes fabricated with pHPMA-b-pDMAEMA polymer effectively reduced P-gp-mediated efflux activity in Caco-2 cells, suggesting successful interference with NF-κB-binding sites in the promoter region of the ABCB1 gene.

Multidrug resistance (MDR), a major cause for chemotherapy failure, has been linked to upregulation of ATP-dependent membrane efflux systems that limit intracellular accumulation of cytotoxic anticancer agents. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) encoded by the human ABCB1 gene was the first efflux transporter identified to contribute to MDR. ABCB1 gene expression is correlated with constitutive activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in tumor cells. The objective of this research is to modulate P-gp activity in colon cancer cells using NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) that are effectively delivered into the nucleus of colorectal cancer cells by self-assembling nonviral nanoparticles comprising the novel poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]-poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl-methacrylate) diblock copolymer (pHPMA-b-pDMAEMA). Ethidium bromide intercalation and gel retardation assays demonstrated high DNA condensation capacity of pHPMA-b-pDMAEMA. Nanoparticles prepared with and without decoy ODNs did not significantly compromise cellular safety at N/P ratios ≤ 4. Transfection efficiency of pHPMA-b-pDMAEMA polyplexes (N/P = 4) in Caco-2 cells was comparable to TurboFect transfection standard, resulting in a 98% reduction in P-gp protein levels. As a pharmacodynamic consequence, intracellular accumulation of the P-gp substrate Rhodamine123 significantly increased by almost twofold. In conclusion, NF-κB ODN polyplexes fabricated with pHPMA-b-pDMAEMA polymer effectively reduced P-gp-mediated efflux activity in Caco-2 cells, suggesting successful interference with NF-κB-binding sites in the promoter region of the ABCB1 gene.