A phytochemical study of the fungus Quambalaria cyanescens led to the isolation of one new natural compound (1), along with four known compounds (2–5). The structures of the isolated metabolites were elucidated based on spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques. The fatty acid composition of Q. cyanescens was determined by GC/MS and found to consist of stearic, myristic, lauric, linoleic, cis-vaccenic, oleic, and pentadecanoic acids. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antileishmanial activities.

A phytochemical study of the fungus Quambalaria cyanescens led to the isolation of one new natural compound (1), along with four known compounds (2–5). The structures of the isolated metabolites were elucidated based on spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques. The fatty acid composition of Q. cyanescens was determined by GC/MS and found to consist of stearic, myristic, lauric, linoleic, cis-vaccenic, oleic, and pentadecanoic acids. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antileishmanial activities.

A phytochemical study of the fungus Quambalaria cyanescens led to the isolation of one new natural compound (1), along with four known compounds (2–5). The structures of the isolated metabolites were elucidated based on spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques. The fatty acid composition of Q. cyanescens was determined by GC/MS and found to consist of stearic, myristic, lauric, linoleic, cis-vaccenic, oleic, and pentadecanoic acids. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antileishmanial activities.

A phytochemical study of the fungus Quambalaria cyanescens led to the isolation of one new natural compound (1), along with four known compounds (2–5). The structures of the isolated metabolites were elucidated based on spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques. The fatty acid composition of Q. cyanescens was determined by GC/MS and found to consist of stearic, myristic, lauric, linoleic, cis-vaccenic, oleic, and pentadecanoic acids. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antileishmanial activities.

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have demonstrated favorable properties for oral protein delivery. However, their protein entrapment efficiency (EE%) values remain limited due to their hydrophobic nature. In this study, we reported a new strategy in which two polymeric excipients were incorporated into the double-emulsion based SLN to address this entrapment inefficiency issue. Using insulin as the model protein drug, the resulting hybrid nanocarriers known as bi-polymer lipid nanocarriers (BLN) were evaluated for physicochemical properties, drug and particle stability, in vitro biological behaviors and in vivo hypoglycemic effect. It was found that BLN containing PEG 6000 in internal aqueous phase and PLGA in lipid phase showed favorable size (around 240 nm) and reasonably narrow particle size distribution. The bi-polymer strategy improved insulin EE% over standard w/o/w SLN by 2.5-fold (~50% versus 20%) while preserving the insulin chemical stability and biological activity. BLN demonstrated good dispersion stability under gastrointestinal conditions, protected the entrapped insulin against enzymatic degradation well, and were well internalized into Caco-2 cells with minimal cytotoxicity. Pharmacological availability of oral insulin delivered by BLN (6.1%) was comparable to lectin-modified SLN. To conclude, BLN is a promising hybrid nanocarrier design to achieve efficient oral insulin delivery.

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have demonstrated favorable properties for oral protein delivery. However, their protein entrapment efficiency (EE%) values remain limited due to their hydrophobic nature. In this study, we reported a new strategy in which two polymeric excipients were incorporated into the double-emulsion based SLN to address this entrapment inefficiency issue. Using insulin as the model protein drug, the resulting hybrid nanocarriers known as bi-polymer lipid nanocarriers (BLN) were evaluated for physicochemical properties, drug and particle stability, in vitro biological behaviors and in vivo hypoglycemic effect. It was found that BLN containing PEG 6000 in internal aqueous phase and PLGA in lipid phase showed favorable size (around 240 nm) and reasonably narrow particle size distribution. The bi-polymer strategy improved insulin EE% over standard w/o/w SLN by 2.5-fold (~50% versus 20%) while preserving the insulin chemical stability and biological activity. BLN demonstrated good dispersion stability under gastrointestinal conditions, protected the entrapped insulin against enzymatic degradation well, and were well internalized into Caco-2 cells with minimal cytotoxicity. Pharmacological availability of oral insulin delivered by BLN (6.1%) was comparable to lectin-modified SLN. To conclude, BLN is a promising hybrid nanocarrier design to achieve efficient oral insulin delivery.

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have demonstrated favorable properties for oral protein delivery. However, their protein entrapment efficiency (EE%) values remain limited due to their hydrophobic nature. In this study, we reported a new strategy in which two polymeric excipients were incorporated into the double-emulsion based SLN to address this entrapment inefficiency issue. Using insulin as the model protein drug, the resulting hybrid nanocarriers known as bi-polymer lipid nanocarriers (BLN) were evaluated for physicochemical properties, drug and particle stability, in vitro biological behaviors and in vivo hypoglycemic effect. It was found that BLN containing PEG 6000 in internal aqueous phase and PLGA in lipid phase showed favorable size (around 240 nm) and reasonably narrow particle size distribution. The bi-polymer strategy improved insulin EE% over standard w/o/w SLN by 2.5-fold (~50% versus 20%) while preserving the insulin chemical stability and biological activity. BLN demonstrated good dispersion stability under gastrointestinal conditions, protected the entrapped insulin against enzymatic degradation well, and were well internalized into Caco-2 cells with minimal cytotoxicity. Pharmacological availability of oral insulin delivered by BLN (6.1%) was comparable to lectin-modified SLN. To conclude, BLN is a promising hybrid nanocarrier design to achieve efficient oral insulin delivery.

Herein, a novel electrochemical sensor for simultaneous analysis of esomeprazole (EZM) and diclofenac sodium (DICLS) in binary mixture was developed. This proposed sensor is carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Co(OH)2 nano-flakes (CHNF). This sensor was designed to tailor the extraordinary properties of rGO and CHNF to produce synergistic electro-catalysis with significantly improved electroanalytical response compared to an unmodified bare CPE. Several techniques were used to characterize the new developed electrochemical sensor. The electrochemical performance was improved by optimizing the effects of pH, scan rate, amounts of rGO/CHNF, frequency and other parameters. The new sensor was successfully applied for determination of the cited mixture, where the linearity was achieved in the range of 2.5–155 ×10−8Mand 1.5–105 × 10−8Mwith detection limits of 8 × 10−9Mand 5×10−9Mfor DICLS and EZM, respectively. The fabricated sensor was used for determination of the mixture in pharmaceutical preparations, human serum and urine.

Herein, a novel electrochemical sensor for simultaneous analysis of esomeprazole (EZM) and diclofenac sodium (DICLS) in binary mixture was developed. This proposed sensor is carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Co(OH)2 nano-flakes (CHNF). This sensor was designed to tailor the extraordinary properties of rGO and CHNF to produce synergistic electro-catalysis with significantly improved electroanalytical response compared to an unmodified bare CPE. Several techniques were used to characterize the new developed electrochemical sensor. The electrochemical performance was improved by optimizing the effects of pH, scan rate, amounts of rGO/CHNF, frequency and other parameters. The new sensor was successfully applied for determination of the cited mixture, where the linearity was achieved in the range of 2.5–155 ×10−8Mand 1.5–105 × 10−8Mwith detection limits of 8 × 10−9Mand 5×10−9Mfor DICLS and EZM, respectively. The fabricated sensor was used for determination of the mixture in pharmaceutical preparations, human serum and urine.

Herein, a novel electrochemical sensor for simultaneous analysis of esomeprazole (EZM) and diclofenac sodium (DICLS) in binary mixture was developed. This proposed sensor is carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Co(OH)2 nano-flakes (CHNF). This sensor was designed to tailor the extraordinary properties of rGO and CHNF to produce synergistic electro-catalysis with significantly improved electroanalytical response compared to an unmodified bare CPE. Several techniques were used to characterize the new developed electrochemical sensor. The electrochemical performance was improved by optimizing the effects of pH, scan rate, amounts of rGO/CHNF, frequency and other parameters. The new sensor was successfully applied for determination of the cited mixture, where the linearity was achieved in the range of 2.5–155 ×10−8Mand 1.5–105 × 10−8Mwith detection limits of 8 × 10−9Mand 5×10−9Mfor DICLS and EZM, respectively. The fabricated sensor was used for determination of the mixture in pharmaceutical preparations, human serum and urine.