Prophylactic antibiotics have been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of febrile morbidity associated with cesarean section after labor. However, the relative effectiveness of different single antibiotics has been studied infrequently. Several new broad spectrum antibiotics are now available, and any further benefit from more traditional antibiotics for surgical prophylaxis remains untested. A randomized clinical trial for testing the efficacy of cephalosporin versus Amoxicillin in preventing post cesarean section infection, and to identify the role of health education about wound care in reducing post cesarean section wound infection. This study conducted at emergency unit of the Obstetrics &Gynecological department, Woman's Health Center, Assuit University Hospital, between 2008 to 2009. Women's undergoing emergency and elective cesarean section were recruited into the study and given either drug as prophylaxis. The sample comprised 200 pregnant women. 100 pregnant women received Amoxicillin and the other 100 pregnant women received Cephalosporin as a prophylactic antibiotic. For each group, 50 women received routine hospital wound care and the other 50 women received health education about wound care. Random assignment was done by computer generated tables. Concealed envelopes containing the random number made to be opened after deciding to include the case in the study. the -present study reported that the percent of surgical site infection (SSI) of elective cesarean section was 2.5% (0.5% in Amoxicillin group and 2% in cephalosporin group) with no significant difference between both groups. We can concluded that use of Amoxicillin as a prophylactic antibiotic as effective as Cephalosporin in preventing post cesarean section wound infection. And women that received health education about wound care are less likely to expose to wound infection than those who receive only routine hospital care, in spite that the comparative results are not significant.

The aim of this study was to assess the third year nursing student’s perception about an OSCE in Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing. A descriptive design was utilized for collecting the data that are necessary to answer the research question. The sample consisted of 100 students who finished the 3rd year clinical teaching course of Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing and were evaluated by an OSCE. The results of this study explored that more than one third of the students considered the announcement of the date and the place of examination were very good (39% and 38%, respectively). As regards the format of OSCE, the study identified that 41% of the students considered the revision done before examination was excellent. The majority of the students considered the quality of examination was excellent. Concerning the difficulties in time management during OSCE, more than half of the students (55%) were agreed. As regards the presence of emotional stress, more than two thirds of the students (77%) were agreed. In the light of the present study findings, it can be concluded that there is more need for careful preparation and organization of OSCE. The majority of the students appreciate the format of OSCE. The study has also highlighted that there are more need for training the students on time management and relieving their emotional stress during implementation of OSCE. It is essential to consider the recommended use of OSCE prescribed within wider context in nursing curriculum evaluation models. A larger study is needed to establish the effectiveness of OSCE within nursing education programs. An exploration of how successfully students transfer into clinical practice and to explore the validity and reliability of OSCE.

The aim of this study was to assess the third year nursing student’s perception about an OSCE in Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing. A descriptive design was utilized for collecting the data that are necessary to answer the research question. The sample consisted of 100 students who finished the 3rd year clinical teaching course of Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing and were evaluated by an OSCE. The results of this study explored that more than one third of the students considered the announcement of the date and the place of examination were very good (39% and 38%, respectively). As regards the format of OSCE, the study identified that 41% of the students considered the revision done before examination was excellent. The majority of the students considered the quality of examination was excellent. Concerning the difficulties in time management during OSCE, more than half of the students (55%) were agreed. As regards the presence of emotional stress, more than two thirds of the students (77%) were agreed. In the light of the present study findings, it can be concluded that there is more need for careful preparation and organization of OSCE. The majority of the students appreciate the format of OSCE. The study has also highlighted that there are more need for training the students on time management and relieving their emotional stress during implementation of OSCE. It is essential to consider the recommended use of OSCE prescribed within wider context in nursing curriculum evaluation models. A larger study is needed to establish the effectiveness of OSCE within nursing education programs. An exploration of how successfully students transfer into clinical practice and to explore the validity and reliability of OSCE.

Exposure to pesticides may result in abnormal glucose metabolism, increasing risk of diabetes. The study was to investigate the relationship between maternal and infants residential pesticides exposure and the onset of diabetes in these infants. Both the diabetic infants and the control groups were recruited from the Outpatient Clinic for Diabetic children and Well Baby Clinic, Assiut University Children Hospital. The study included 72 infants divided into 2 groups study group (40 diabetic infants) and the control group included (32 infants). A structured questionnaire sheet was designed to collect data about mothers and their infants. The study showed that there was statistically significant difference considering the items of no consanguinity among parents of infants in the study group compared to those in the control group (52.5 % Vs. 40.6%, respectively P ≤ 0.02.).The percentage frequency of maternal exposure to residential pesticides was significantly higher for the patients group in comparison to the control group. (65% Vs. 31.2%, respectively, P- value 0.0001).Similarly, the percentage frequency of the diabetic infants exposed to residential pesticides was significantly higher than that for the control group. (47% Vs. 28.1%, respectively, P – ≤ 0.01). Moreover, the percentage frequency of exposure of infants to residential pesticides per week was significantly higher among the study group in comparison to their partners in the control group. P- ≤ 0.0001. In conclusion: Exposure of infants to residential pesticides both during pregnancy and after birth may be considered as a risk factor for developing diabetes mellitus in these infants. The study recommended that, further studies are needed to study the relationship of exposure to residential pesticides for developing diabetes by using the biochemical markers to detect the level of metabolites of these pesticides in these populations.

Exposure to pesticides may result in abnormal glucose metabolism, increasing risk of diabetes. The study was to investigate the relationship between maternal and infants residential pesticides exposure and the onset of diabetes in these infants. Both the diabetic infants and the control groups were recruited from the Outpatient Clinic for Diabetic children and Well Baby Clinic, Assiut University Children Hospital. The study included 72 infants divided into 2 groups study group (40 diabetic infants) and the control group included (32 infants). A structured questionnaire sheet was designed to collect data about mothers and their infants. The study showed that there was statistically significant difference considering the items of no consanguinity among parents of infants in the study group compared to those in the control group (52.5 % Vs. 40.6%, respectively P ≤ 0.02.).The percentage frequency of maternal exposure to residential pesticides was significantly higher for the patients group in comparison to the control group. (65% Vs. 31.2%, respectively, P- value 0.0001).Similarly, the percentage frequency of the diabetic infants exposed to residential pesticides was significantly higher than that for the control group. (47% Vs. 28.1%, respectively, P – ≤ 0.01). Moreover, the percentage frequency of exposure of infants to residential pesticides per week was significantly higher among the study group in comparison to their partners in the control group. P- ≤ 0.0001. In conclusion: Exposure of infants to residential pesticides both during pregnancy and after birth may be considered as a risk factor for developing diabetes mellitus in these infants. The study recommended that, further studies are needed to study the relationship of exposure to residential pesticides for developing diabetes by using the biochemical markers to detect the level of metabolites of these pesticides in these populations.

Exposure to pesticides may result in abnormal glucose metabolism, increasing risk of diabetes. The study was to investigate the relationship between maternal and infants residential pesticides exposure and the onset of diabetes in these infants. Both the diabetic infants and the control groups were recruited from the Outpatient Clinic for Diabetic children and Well Baby Clinic, Assiut University Children Hospital. The study included 72 infants divided into 2 groups study group (40 diabetic infants) and the control group included (32 infants). A structured questionnaire sheet was designed to collect data about mothers and their infants. The study showed that there was statistically significant difference considering the items of no consanguinity among parents of infants in the study group compared to those in the control group (52.5 % Vs. 40.6%, respectively P ≤ 0.02.).The percentage frequency of maternal exposure to residential pesticides was significantly higher for the patients group in comparison to the control group. (65% Vs. 31.2%, respectively, P- value 0.0001).Similarly, the percentage frequency of the diabetic infants exposed to residential pesticides was significantly higher than that for the control group. (47% Vs. 28.1%, respectively, P – ≤ 0.01). Moreover, the percentage frequency of exposure of infants to residential pesticides per week was significantly higher among the study group in comparison to their partners in the control group. P- ≤ 0.0001. In conclusion: Exposure of infants to residential pesticides both during pregnancy and after birth may be considered as a risk factor for developing diabetes mellitus in these infants. The study recommended that, further studies are needed to study the relationship of exposure to residential pesticides for developing diabetes by using the biochemical markers to detect the level of metabolites of these pesticides in these populations.

Exposure to pesticides may result in abnormal glucose metabolism, increasing risk of diabetes. The study was to investigate the relationship between maternal and infants residential pesticides exposure and the onset of diabetes in these infants. Both the diabetic infants and the control groups were recruited from the Outpatient Clinic for Diabetic children and Well Baby Clinic, Assiut University Children Hospital. The study included 72 infants divided into 2 groups study group (40 diabetic infants) and the control group included (32 infants). A structured questionnaire sheet was designed to collect data about mothers and their infants. The study showed that there was statistically significant difference considering the items of no consanguinity among parents of infants in the study group compared to those in the control group (52.5 % Vs. 40.6%, respectively P ≤ 0.02.).The percentage frequency of maternal exposure to residential pesticides was significantly higher for the patients group in comparison to the control group. (65% Vs. 31.2%, respectively, P- value 0.0001).Similarly, the percentage frequency of the diabetic infants exposed to residential pesticides was significantly higher than that for the control group. (47% Vs. 28.1%, respectively, P – ≤ 0.01). Moreover, the percentage frequency of exposure of infants to residential pesticides per week was significantly higher among the study group in comparison to their partners in the control group. P- ≤ 0.0001. In conclusion: Exposure of infants to residential pesticides both during pregnancy and after birth may be considered as a risk factor for developing diabetes mellitus in these infants. The study recommended that, further studies are needed to study the relationship of exposure to residential pesticides for developing diabetes by using the biochemical markers to detect the level of metabolites of these pesticides in these populations.

Nowadays, quality of life is one of the important aspect in programming and giving service to disabled and blindness is one of the most important and common kinds of physical handicaps. This study aimed to: determine Self-esteem & quality of life among visual impaired children in Assiut City. Descriptive cross sectional research design was used in this study. The studied children were 100 children from El-Noor School, Assiut City, 22 children from last two years of primary school, 44 children from preparatory school, 34 children from secondary school with age ranged from 12 to 18 years and both sex. This study is divided to four tools; the first tool was structured interview sheet included biosocial data of children, time and causes of disability, second tool to assess social class by using Abd-El-Twab scale 1998. The third tool - Self-esteem scale, it includes 10 items. , the final tool to assess quality of life data, it consists of 68 items. Following approval for the research, personal meetings were held with each child in school sitting. Data was collected during the period from first of September 2009 to the end of April 2010. Obtained results revealed that more than two-thirds of studied children aged between 12-18 years. The mean age of studied children is 15.87 ± 3.03 and more than half of them were males. Nearly three quarters of studied sample had low social class (72%). In addition; nearly half of children with high total quality of life score were come from high social class compared with 8.3% from low social class children with highly statistically significant difference. Also, it was found that 40% of studied children with high total quality of life scores were outdoor school residence compared to only 8.2% of indoor school residence (p value 0.003). Further, more than half of studied children with low social class had low self-esteem compared to more than three quarters of normal self esteem children were come from high social class. 71.4% of normal self-esteem children were present in small family compared by two third of low self-esteem score were present in large family. It is concluded that children from high social class had higher quality of life and normal self esteem than other children. It is recommended that multicomponant intervention with a focus on the children and their families are needed to improve self esteem and quality of life of visually impaired children. Designing and implementing of a psychological counseling program for visually impaired children to improve their emotional statues and help them to coping effectively. [Safaa A. M. . Kotb; Marzoka A. Gadallah and Salwa A. Marzouk. Self-esteem and quality of life among visually impaired children in Assiut City, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(8):47-57].(ISSN: 1545-1003).

Nowadays, quality of life is one of the important aspect in programming and giving service to disabled and blindness is one of the most important and common kinds of physical handicaps. This study aimed to: determine Self-esteem & quality of life among visual impaired children in Assiut City. Descriptive cross sectional research design was used in this study. The studied children were 100 children from El-Noor School, Assiut City, 22 children from last two years of primary school, 44 children from preparatory school, 34 children from secondary school with age ranged from 12 to 18 years and both sex. This study is divided to four tools; the first tool was structured interview sheet included biosocial data of children, time and causes of disability, second tool to assess social class by using Abd-El-Twab scale 1998. The third tool - Self-esteem scale, it includes 10 items. , the final tool to assess quality of life data, it consists of 68 items. Following approval for the research, personal meetings were held with each child in school sitting. Data was collected during the period from first of September 2009 to the end of April 2010. Obtained results revealed that more than two-thirds of studied children aged between 12-18 years. The mean age of studied children is 15.87 ± 3.03 and more than half of them were males. Nearly three quarters of studied sample had low social class (72%). In addition; nearly half of children with high total quality of life score were come from high social class compared with 8.3% from low social class children with highly statistically significant difference. Also, it was found that 40% of studied children with high total quality of life scores were outdoor school residence compared to only 8.2% of indoor school residence (p value 0.003). Further, more than half of studied children with low social class had low self-esteem compared to more than three quarters of normal self esteem children were come from high social class. 71.4% of normal self-esteem children were present in small family compared by two third of low self-esteem score were present in large family. It is concluded that children from high social class had higher quality of life and normal self esteem than other children. It is recommended that multicomponant intervention with a focus on the children and their families are needed to improve self esteem and quality of life of visually impaired children. Designing and implementing of a psychological counseling program for visually impaired children to improve their emotional statues and help them to coping effectively. [Safaa A. M. . Kotb; Marzoka A. Gadallah and Salwa A. Marzouk. Self-esteem and quality of life among visually impaired children in Assiut City, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(8):47-57].(ISSN: 1545-1003).

Nowadays, quality of life is one of the important aspect in programming and giving service to disabled and blindness is one of the most important and common kinds of physical handicaps. This study aimed to: determine Self-esteem & quality of life among visual impaired children in Assiut City. Descriptive cross sectional research design was used in this study. The studied children were 100 children from El-Noor School, Assiut City, 22 children from last two years of primary school, 44 children from preparatory school, 34 children from secondary school with age ranged from 12 to 18 years and both sex. This study is divided to four tools; the first tool was structured interview sheet included biosocial data of children, time and causes of disability, second tool to assess social class by using Abd-El-Twab scale 1998. The third tool - Self-esteem scale, it includes 10 items. , the final tool to assess quality of life data, it consists of 68 items. Following approval for the research, personal meetings were held with each child in school sitting. Data was collected during the period from first of September 2009 to the end of April 2010. Obtained results revealed that more than two-thirds of studied children aged between 12-18 years. The mean age of studied children is 15.87 ± 3.03 and more than half of them were males. Nearly three quarters of studied sample had low social class (72%). In addition; nearly half of children with high total quality of life score were come from high social class compared with 8.3% from low social class children with highly statistically significant difference. Also, it was found that 40% of studied children with high total quality of life scores were outdoor school residence compared to only 8.2% of indoor school residence (p value 0.003). Further, more than half of studied children with low social class had low self-esteem compared to more than three quarters of normal self esteem children were come from high social class. 71.4% of normal self-esteem children were present in small family compared by two third of low self-esteem score were present in large family. It is concluded that children from high social class had higher quality of life and normal self esteem than other children. It is recommended that multicomponant intervention with a focus on the children and their families are needed to improve self esteem and quality of life of visually impaired children. Designing and implementing of a psychological counseling program for visually impaired children to improve their emotional statues and help them to coping effectively. [Safaa A. M. . Kotb; Marzoka A. Gadallah and Salwa A. Marzouk. Self-esteem and quality of life among visually impaired children in Assiut City, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(8):47-57].(ISSN: 1545-1003).