It is very important to determine the optimum utility of any limestone deposit according to the physical and mechanical properties. The quality index is a good way for this aim. The physical properties such as porosity, density and water absorption and mechanical properties such as compressive-, tensile-strength and coefficient of dynamic fragmentation, control the optimal use of limestone as building, road construction and cement manufacture. These parameters are determined for several locations in Egypt and the quality index for each location is calculated, and the optimal use is determined.

Use of FRP re-bars has increased rabidly since the last decade to avoid the deterioration of concrete structures caused by corrosion of steel reinforcement. Since FRP bars made from high tensile strength fibers such as carbon, glass, aramid and basalt embedded in polymeric matrices, they are anti-corrosion materials. However, the mechanical properties for FRP are different from steel bars; some types of FRP bars have a low relatively modulus of elasticity in comparison with conventional steel bars. Therefore shear capacity of RC beams reinforced with FRP bars could be different than those reinforced with steel bars, in this study a parametric analysis based on the finite element simulation was devoted to evaluate the effect of the axial stiffness of the reinforcement when FRP bars are used on the shear strength of RC beams. The analysis program consisted of two series of beams with concrete compressive strength 13 MPa and 33.5 MPa with six values for the elastic modulus of the reinforcement 35, 51.5,100,150,209 and 300 GPa with reinforcement ratio 0.91% and shear span to depth ratio 3.0, It was found that the reinforcement axial stiffness significantly influences the depth of compression zone and the shear strength of beams as well as the service load.

Use of FRP re-bars has increased rabidly since the last decade to avoid the deterioration of concrete structures caused by corrosion of steel reinforcement. Since FRP bars made from high tensile strength fibers such as carbon, glass, aramid and basalt embedded in polymeric matrices, they are anti-corrosion materials. However, the mechanical properties for FRP are different from steel bars; some types of FRP bars have a low relatively modulus of elasticity in comparison with conventional steel bars. Therefore shear capacity of RC beams reinforced with FRP bars could be different than those reinforced with steel bars, in this study a parametric analysis based on the finite element simulation was devoted to evaluate the effect of the axial stiffness of the reinforcement when FRP bars are used on the shear strength of RC beams. The analysis program consisted of two series of beams with concrete compressive strength 13 MPa and 33.5 MPa with six values for the elastic modulus of the reinforcement 35, 51.5,100,150,209 and 300 GPa with reinforcement ratio 0.91% and shear span to depth ratio 3.0, It was found that the reinforcement axial stiffness significantly influences the depth of compression zone and the shear strength of beams as well as the service load.

Use of FRP re-bars has increased rabidly since the last decade to avoid the deterioration of concrete structures caused by corrosion of steel reinforcement. Since FRP bars made from high tensile strength fibers such as carbon, glass, aramid and basalt embedded in polymeric matrices, they are anti-corrosion materials. However, the mechanical properties for FRP are different from steel bars; some types of FRP bars have a low relatively modulus of elasticity in comparison with conventional steel bars. Therefore shear capacity of RC beams reinforced with FRP bars could be different than those reinforced with steel bars, in this study a parametric analysis based on the finite element simulation was devoted to evaluate the effect of the axial stiffness of the reinforcement when FRP bars are used on the shear strength of RC beams. The analysis program consisted of two series of beams with concrete compressive strength 13 MPa and 33.5 MPa with six values for the elastic modulus of the reinforcement 35, 51.5,100,150,209 and 300 GPa with reinforcement ratio 0.91% and shear span to depth ratio 3.0, It was found that the reinforcement axial stiffness significantly influences the depth of compression zone and the shear strength of beams as well as the service load.

This paper presents the evaluation of aggregate in gravel quarries at Qena .this evaluation depended on the physical properties such as density, water absorption, size fraction, shape and chemical properties as well as mineral contents in the aggregates. The mineral composition of sedimentary rocks was investigated using polarizing microscope and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The petrography examination of the gravel was carried out according to ASTM standard 295 to identify constitutes of the samples; identify the alkali-silica reactive ingredient such as opal, tridymite, chalcedony, crystobalite and alkali carbonates reactive rocks. These minerals react with alkalis in cement, leading to the expansion and cracking of concrete. Other components such as sulfides, sulfates, halites, iron oxides, clay minerals and anhydrites are examined, which might be present as coating and impurities. Coatings prevent the development of good bond between gravels and cement. Also, the transportation problem of these materials from quarries to destination sites has been applied. The transportation problem is one of the linear programming problems. There are different methods which are used to solve it such as: row minimum, column minimum, matrix minimum, north-west corner rule, Vogel's approximation method either manually or by computer software. The present study indicated that, gravel in most of the quarries studied is suitable for concrete making.

This paper presents the evaluation of aggregate in gravel quarries at Qena .this evaluation depended on the physical properties such as density, water absorption, size fraction, shape and chemical properties as well as mineral contents in the aggregates. The mineral composition of sedimentary rocks was investigated using polarizing microscope and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The petrography examination of the gravel was carried out according to ASTM standard 295 to identify constitutes of the samples; identify the alkali-silica reactive ingredient such as opal, tridymite, chalcedony, crystobalite and alkali carbonates reactive rocks. These minerals react with alkalis in cement, leading to the expansion and cracking of concrete. Other components such as sulfides, sulfates, halites, iron oxides, clay minerals and anhydrites are examined, which might be present as coating and impurities. Coatings prevent the development of good bond between gravels and cement. Also, the transportation problem of these materials from quarries to destination sites has been applied. The transportation problem is one of the linear programming problems. There are different methods which are used to solve it such as: row minimum, column minimum, matrix minimum, north-west corner rule, Vogel's approximation method either manually or by computer software. The present study indicated that, gravel in most of the quarries studied is suitable for concrete making.

This paper presents the evaluation of aggregate in gravel quarries at Qena .this evaluation depended on the physical properties such as density, water absorption, size fraction, shape and chemical properties as well as mineral contents in the aggregates. The mineral composition of sedimentary rocks was investigated using polarizing microscope and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The petrography examination of the gravel was carried out according to ASTM standard 295 to identify constitutes of the samples; identify the alkali-silica reactive ingredient such as opal, tridymite, chalcedony, crystobalite and alkali carbonates reactive rocks. These minerals react with alkalis in cement, leading to the expansion and cracking of concrete. Other components such as sulfides, sulfates, halites, iron oxides, clay minerals and anhydrites are examined, which might be present as coating and impurities. Coatings prevent the development of good bond between gravels and cement. Also, the transportation problem of these materials from quarries to destination sites has been applied. The transportation problem is one of the linear programming problems. There are different methods which are used to solve it such as: row minimum, column minimum, matrix minimum, north-west corner rule, Vogel's approximation method either manually or by computer software. The present study indicated that, gravel in most of the quarries studied is suitable for concrete making.

This paper discusses merits and draws backs of some manual and computer methods used in solving transportation problem in mining. The transportation model deals with a special class of linear programming problems in which objective is to "transport" a single commodity from various "origins" to different "destinations" at minimum total cost. The total supply available at the origins and total quantity demand by the destinations are given in the statement of the problem. Two manual methods (Northwest-corner rule, Vogel's approximation) are used in solving small dimensions problems. Two soft-wares (premium solver platform, Lindo) are used in solving the same problem. It is found from the obtained results that: firstly, the Northwest-corner rule is used to find the optimum solution while Vogel's approximation method is used as advanced step to the optimum solution. Secondly, the premium solver platform is better than Lindo software

This paper discusses merits and draws backs of some manual and computer methods used in solving transportation problem in mining. The transportation model deals with a special class of linear programming problems in which objective is to "transport" a single commodity from various "origins" to different "destinations" at minimum total cost. The total supply available at the origins and total quantity demand by the destinations are given in the statement of the problem. Two manual methods (Northwest-corner rule, Vogel's approximation) are used in solving small dimensions problems. Two soft-wares (premium solver platform, Lindo) are used in solving the same problem. It is found from the obtained results that: firstly, the Northwest-corner rule is used to find the optimum solution while Vogel's approximation method is used as advanced step to the optimum solution. Secondly, the premium solver platform is better than Lindo software

This paper discusses merits and draws backs of some manual and computer methods used in solving transportation problem in mining. The transportation model deals with a special class of linear programming problems in which objective is to "transport" a single commodity from various "origins" to different "destinations" at minimum total cost. The total supply available at the origins and total quantity demand by the destinations are given in the statement of the problem. Two manual methods (Northwest-corner rule, Vogel's approximation) are used in solving small dimensions problems. Two soft-wares (premium solver platform, Lindo) are used in solving the same problem. It is found from the obtained results that: firstly, the Northwest-corner rule is used to find the optimum solution while Vogel's approximation method is used as advanced step to the optimum solution. Secondly, the premium solver platform is better than Lindo software