This article presents laboratory scale models developed to study the per- formance of grounding systems in uniform soil. Two parallel grids are investigated and correlated with a same mass grid having the same conductormaterial and extend- ing over the same area at a depth equal to that of the upper grid. The experimental results demonstrate how the potential profiles and ground resistance are influenced by the grounding grid design such as number of meshes, grid depth and spacing between parallel grids. The effectiveness of the two parallel grids is compared with that of the upper grid only. The measured surface potential and ground resistance agreed satisfactorily with the present calculated values

This article presents laboratory scale models developed to study the per- formance of grounding systems in uniform soil. Two parallel grids are investigated and correlated with a same mass grid having the same conductormaterial and extend- ing over the same area at a depth equal to that of the upper grid. The experimental results demonstrate how the potential profiles and ground resistance are influenced by the grounding grid design such as number of meshes, grid depth and spacing between parallel grids. The effectiveness of the two parallel grids is compared with that of the upper grid only. The measured surface potential and ground resistance agreed satisfactorily with the present calculated values

This article presents laboratory scale models developed to study the per- formance of grounding systems in uniform soil. Two parallel grids are investigated and correlated with a same mass grid having the same conductormaterial and extend- ing over the same area at a depth equal to that of the upper grid. The experimental results demonstrate how the potential profiles and ground resistance are influenced by the grounding grid design such as number of meshes, grid depth and spacing between parallel grids. The effectiveness of the two parallel grids is compared with that of the upper grid only. The measured surface potential and ground resistance agreed satisfactorily with the present calculated values

This article presents laboratory scale models developed to study the per- formance of grounding systems in uniform soil. Two parallel grids are investigated and correlated with a same mass grid having the same conductormaterial and extend- ing over the same area at a depth equal to that of the upper grid. The experimental results demonstrate how the potential profiles and ground resistance are influenced by the grounding grid design such as number of meshes, grid depth and spacing between parallel grids. The effectiveness of the two parallel grids is compared with that of the upper grid only. The measured surface potential and ground resistance agreed satisfactorily with the present calculated values

In this paper, the element incidence matrix has been extended to develop a comprehensive three-phase distribution system power flow program for radial topology. Three-phase overhead or underground primary feeders and double-phase or single-phase line sections near the end of the feeder laterals have been considered. Unbalanced loads with different types including constant power, constant current and constant impedance are modeled at the system buses. Substation voltage regulator (SVR) consisting of three single phase units connected in wye or two single-phase units connected in open delta are modeled to satisfy the desired voltage level along the feeder. The mathematical model of distributed generation (DG) connected as PQ and PV buses are integrated into the power flow program to simulate the penetration of DGs in the distribution systems. The proposed method has been tested and compared with different IEEE test feeders result. The developed algorithm has been used to study the impact of both SVR and high penetration of DG on voltage profile and system power losses.

In this paper, the element incidence matrix has been extended to develop a comprehensive three-phase distribution system power flow program for radial topology. Three-phase overhead or underground primary feeders and double-phase or single-phase line sections near the end of the feeder laterals have been considered. Unbalanced loads with different types including constant power, constant current and constant impedance are modeled at the system buses. Substation voltage regulator (SVR) consisting of three single phase units connected in wye or two single-phase units connected in open delta are modeled to satisfy the desired voltage level along the feeder. The mathematical model of distributed generation (DG) connected as PQ and PV buses are integrated into the power flow program to simulate the penetration of DGs in the distribution systems. The proposed method has been tested and compared with different IEEE test feeders result. The developed algorithm has been used to study the impact of both SVR and high penetration of DG on voltage profile and system power losses.

Because of society’s full dependence on electricity and high cost of system outages, one important goal is to increase the reliability of the power system, which means that a salient attractive feature of smart grid is its self-healing ability. Smart grids will develop and enhance the automation of distribution by operating in a distributed manner through new digital technologies such as monitoring, automatic control, two-way communication, and data management. In thiswork, the smart grid concept and technologies have been applied to construct a self-healing framework for use in smart distribution systems. The proposed multiagent system is designed to locate and isolate faults, then decide and implement the switching operations to restore the out-of-service loads. The proposed control structure has two layers: zone and feeder. The function of zone agents in the first layer is monitoring, making simple calculations, and implementing control actions. Feeder agents in the second layer are assigned to negotiation. The constraints include voltage limits, line current limits, and radial topology. Load variation has been taken into consideration to avoid the need for further reconfigurations during the restoration period. The results of the simulation conducted using the new framework demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control structure.

Content-based image retrieval systems have become a reliable tool for many image database applications. There are several advantages of the image retrieval techniques compared to other simple retrieval approaches such as text-based retrieval techniques. This paper proposes an image retrieval technique that can be used for retrieving color images. In this paper, we propose two variations of an image abstraction technique based on signature bit strings and an appropriate similarity metric. The technique provides a compact representation of an image based on its color content and yields better retrieval effectiveness than classical techniques based on the images' global color histograms (GCHs). The proposed technique has many applications. These applications are described in details in this paper.

Content-based image retrieval systems have become a reliable tool for many image database applications. There are several advantages of the image retrieval techniques compared to other simple retrieval approaches such as text-based retrieval techniques. This paper proposes an image retrieval technique that can be used for retrieving color images. In this paper, we propose two variations of an image abstraction technique based on signature bit strings and an appropriate similarity metric. The technique provides a compact representation of an image based on its color content and yields better retrieval effectiveness than classical techniques based on the images' global color histograms (GCHs). The proposed technique has many applications. These applications are described in details in this paper.

A service restoration process is achieved through the switching actions of the sectionalizing and tie switches in distribution feeders. After the faults have been located and isolated, restoration plans are applied in order to minimize the de-energized consumer load and the number of switching operations. All of these objectives are converted to monetary costs, which are then added together into a global objective. The solution to the problem, which is based on a genetic algorithm, is then aimed at achieving the minimum cost. In this work, numerous practical aspects related to service restoration have been considered, such as variations in the load and the priorities of the customers, price discounts for inservice customers based on their participation in a load-curtailment scheme that permits other customers to be supplied, the presence of manual and automated switches, and the incorporation of distributed generation (dispatchable and wind-based DG units) in the restoration process. The constraints involved include voltage limits, line current limits, and radial topology.