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Progesterone (P4) and vitamin E (Vitamin E) are important in early stage of pregnancy especially in young does. The goal was to investigate effect of injection of P4,Vitamin E and their integration on pregnancy enhancement, embryo dimensions and P4 concentration in young does. 24 animals were divided into 4 equal groups: control group, P4 group (each doe was injected i.m with single dose of 1.0 mg long-acting P4 two days post-mating), Vitamin E group (each doe was injected i.m with 20 IU Vitamin E/kg BW every 3 days from mating to mid-pregnancy and P4+Vitamin E group. All does were ultrasono-graphically examined at days 7,10,12,14,16,18,20 and 22 of pregnancy.Results revealed that P4 and P4+Vitamin E treatment facilitated establishment of pregnancy on day 7 of pregnancy more than the control and Vitamin E alone. Amniotic vesicles diameters on day 12 and fetal length on days 14 and 16 were greater (P0.05)in P4 and P4+Vitamin E groups. On days 18-22, fetus length was significantly larger in P4 group. P4 concentrations at first week and mid-pregnancy were significantly greater in P4 group followed by P4+Vitamin E.Conclusion: P4 and P4+Vitamin E enhanced the early stage of pregnancy during the first parity of rabbit does.

Progesterone (P4) and vitamin E (Vitamin E) are important in early stage of pregnancy especially in young does. The goal was to investigate effect of injection of P4,Vitamin E and their integration on pregnancy enhancement, embryo dimensions and P4 concentration in young does. 24 animals were divided into 4 equal groups: control group, P4 group (each doe was injected i.m with single dose of 1.0 mg long-acting P4 two days post-mating), Vitamin E group (each doe was injected i.m with 20 IU Vitamin E/kg BW every 3 days from mating to mid-pregnancy and P4+Vitamin E group. All does were ultrasono-graphically examined at days 7,10,12,14,16,18,20 and 22 of pregnancy.Results revealed that P4 and P4+Vitamin E treatment facilitated establishment of pregnancy on day 7 of pregnancy more than the control and Vitamin E alone. Amniotic vesicles diameters on day 12 and fetal length on days 14 and 16 were greater (P0.05)in P4 and P4+Vitamin E groups. On days 18-22, fetus length was significantly larger in P4 group. P4 concentrations at first week and mid-pregnancy were significantly greater in P4 group followed by P4+Vitamin E.Conclusion: P4 and P4+Vitamin E enhanced the early stage of pregnancy during the first parity of rabbit does.

Progesterone (P4) and vitamin E (Vitamin E) are important in early stage of pregnancy especially in young does. The goal was to investigate effect of injection of P4,Vitamin E and their integration on pregnancy enhancement, embryo dimensions and P4 concentration in young does. 24 animals were divided into 4 equal groups: control group, P4 group (each doe was injected i.m with single dose of 1.0 mg long-acting P4 two days post-mating), Vitamin E group (each doe was injected i.m with 20 IU Vitamin E/kg BW every 3 days from mating to mid-pregnancy and P4+Vitamin E group. All does were ultrasono-graphically examined at days 7,10,12,14,16,18,20 and 22 of pregnancy.Results revealed that P4 and P4+Vitamin E treatment facilitated establishment of pregnancy on day 7 of pregnancy more than the control and Vitamin E alone. Amniotic vesicles diameters on day 12 and fetal length on days 14 and 16 were greater (P0.05)in P4 and P4+Vitamin E groups. On days 18-22, fetus length was significantly larger in P4 group. P4 concentrations at first week and mid-pregnancy were significantly greater in P4 group followed by P4+Vitamin E.Conclusion: P4 and P4+Vitamin E enhanced the early stage of pregnancy during the first parity of rabbit does.

Although the poultry production sector plays a key role in sustaining the majority of animal protein demand in Egypt, the deleterious effects of widespread antibiotic resistance on health and environment are currently not well recognized. Litter and dropping samples from broiler and layer poultry farms as well as, tilapia samples from the Nile River and aquaculture farms were collected from Upper Egypt. Samples were extracted and examined for tetracycline residues [tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC), oxytetracycline (OTC) and doxycycline (DC)] using HPLC. In addition, tetracycline resistance genes [tet (M), tet (W), tet (Q) and tet (G)] were screened from pooled intestinal contents collected from twelve broiler farms in Upper Egypt. The antibiotic resistance genes results revealed that tet (W) was confirmed to be expressed in all intestinal samples. In contrast, tet (Q) and tet (M) were detected only in 42% and 17% of the samples, respectively. CTC and OTC were the antimicrobial compounds with the highest concentrations in poultry litter and droppings, with concentrations of 6.05 and 2.47 μg g−1 (CTC) and 5.9 and 1.33 μg g−1 (OTC), respectively. However, the concentrations of DC were significantly higher than those of the other compounds in both aquaculture and Nile River tilapia. The tetracycline residue levels in aquaculture tilapia were significantly higher than those in Nile River tilapia. The hazard quotients (HQs) exceeded 1 for OTC, CTC and DC, which highlights the great risk of using broiler litter to fertilize agricultural land. Moreover, the presence of DC and CTC indicates that consumption of aquaculture tilapia poses a considerable health risk. Therefore, poultry litter or droppings containing tetracycline residues and tet resistance determinants used for aquaculture or as farmland fertilizers could be major sources of antibiotic resistance in fish, humans and environment.

Although the poultry production sector plays a key role in sustaining the majority of animal protein demand in Egypt, the deleterious effects of widespread antibiotic resistance on health and environment are currently not well recognized. Litter and dropping samples from broiler and layer poultry farms as well as, tilapia samples from the Nile River and aquaculture farms were collected from Upper Egypt. Samples were extracted and examined for tetracycline residues [tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC), oxytetracycline (OTC) and doxycycline (DC)] using HPLC. In addition, tetracycline resistance genes [tet (M), tet (W), tet (Q) and tet (G)] were screened from pooled intestinal contents collected from twelve broiler farms in Upper Egypt. The antibiotic resistance genes results revealed that tet (W) was confirmed to be expressed in all intestinal samples. In contrast, tet (Q) and tet (M) were detected only in 42% and 17% of the samples, respectively. CTC and OTC were the antimicrobial compounds with the highest concentrations in poultry litter and droppings, with concentrations of 6.05 and 2.47 μg g−1 (CTC) and 5.9 and 1.33 μg g−1 (OTC), respectively. However, the concentrations of DC were significantly higher than those of the other compounds in both aquaculture and Nile River tilapia. The tetracycline residue levels in aquaculture tilapia were significantly higher than those in Nile River tilapia. The hazard quotients (HQs) exceeded 1 for OTC, CTC and DC, which highlights the great risk of using broiler litter to fertilize agricultural land. Moreover, the presence of DC and CTC indicates that consumption of aquaculture tilapia poses a considerable health risk. Therefore, poultry litter or droppings containing tetracycline residues and tet resistance determinants used for aquaculture or as farmland fertilizers could be major sources of antibiotic resistance in fish, humans and environment.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a promising bio-technology for energy recovery from organic wastes. This study provides a novel method for the enhanced AD of dairy manure (DM) without pre/post-treatment by the direct supplementation of special natural ash from soil called Mineraso (MS) to the feed of lactating Holstein dairy cattle (HDC). MS is chiefly composed of approximately 84.8% of iron hydroxide. MS was supplemented at rates of 0 (F1), 25 (F2), and 50 (F3) g/head of HDC/day for two months. Thereafter, the manure of each group of HDC was collected and examined for iron concentrations prior to the batch AD experiments. The results revealed that the amounts of iron excreted in manure were reduced by 63.64% and 68.42%, respectively. Interestingly, the supplementation of MS at concentrations of 25 and 50 g/head of HDC improved biogas yields from DM by 21.90% and 40.05%, respectively than the control (no MS supplementation). Additionally, the equivalent dosages of MS improved methane yield by 25.87% and 46.51%, respectively. The highest cumulative production of biogas and CH4 was 1.11 and 0.63 L/gVS removed, respectively, which was achieved by F3 supplement, while the corresponding values in the case of F1 were 0.79 and 0.43 L/gVS removed. Therefore, the supplementation of animals with iron-containing MS might represent a sustainable and practical approach to enhancing CH4 yields.