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Abstract Go to The lack of a national campylobacteriosis surveillance system in Egypt warrants the need for periodical disease evaluation. This study aimed to determine campylobacteriosis prevalence in broiler chicken farms and slaughterhouses as well as in humans at Assiut Governorate, Egypt. Biochemical and molecular reactions have been employed to determine Campylobacterioiss prevalence. Additionally, the predisposing factors for human campylobacteriosis were assessed. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter species detected by biochemical reactions and multiplex PCR assay was found to be 23.51% and 22.46%, respectively. Prevalence rates of 16.83%, 24% and 27.55% were recorded for the incorporated samples from broiler farms, slaughterhouses and humans, respectively. None of the analyzed demographic determinants (age, gender and residence) significantly affected Campylobacteriois prevalence in humans. Interestingly, mixed infection was the predominate finding among positive samples and none was confirmed to have C. jejuni alone. Additionally, Arcobacter was recovered either independently or coexisted with Campylobacter in poultry samples; nevertheless, zero detected from humans. This study confirms that broilers could represent an important public health threat to Assiut Governorate residents. Accordingly, measures on how to minimize the contamination level at farms, slaughterhouses and during culinary practices should be disseminated to farm workers, slaughterhouse men and consumers.

Abstract Go to The lack of a national campylobacteriosis surveillance system in Egypt warrants the need for periodical disease evaluation. This study aimed to determine campylobacteriosis prevalence in broiler chicken farms and slaughterhouses as well as in humans at Assiut Governorate, Egypt. Biochemical and molecular reactions have been employed to determine Campylobacterioiss prevalence. Additionally, the predisposing factors for human campylobacteriosis were assessed. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter species detected by biochemical reactions and multiplex PCR assay was found to be 23.51% and 22.46%, respectively. Prevalence rates of 16.83%, 24% and 27.55% were recorded for the incorporated samples from broiler farms, slaughterhouses and humans, respectively. None of the analyzed demographic determinants (age, gender and residence) significantly affected Campylobacteriois prevalence in humans. Interestingly, mixed infection was the predominate finding among positive samples and none was confirmed to have C. jejuni alone. Additionally, Arcobacter was recovered either independently or coexisted with Campylobacter in poultry samples; nevertheless, zero detected from humans. This study confirms that broilers could represent an important public health threat to Assiut Governorate residents. Accordingly, measures on how to minimize the contamination level at farms, slaughterhouses and during culinary practices should be disseminated to farm workers, slaughterhouse men and consumers.

Abstract Go to The lack of a national campylobacteriosis surveillance system in Egypt warrants the need for periodical disease evaluation. This study aimed to determine campylobacteriosis prevalence in broiler chicken farms and slaughterhouses as well as in humans at Assiut Governorate, Egypt. Biochemical and molecular reactions have been employed to determine Campylobacterioiss prevalence. Additionally, the predisposing factors for human campylobacteriosis were assessed. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter species detected by biochemical reactions and multiplex PCR assay was found to be 23.51% and 22.46%, respectively. Prevalence rates of 16.83%, 24% and 27.55% were recorded for the incorporated samples from broiler farms, slaughterhouses and humans, respectively. None of the analyzed demographic determinants (age, gender and residence) significantly affected Campylobacteriois prevalence in humans. Interestingly, mixed infection was the predominate finding among positive samples and none was confirmed to have C. jejuni alone. Additionally, Arcobacter was recovered either independently or coexisted with Campylobacter in poultry samples; nevertheless, zero detected from humans. This study confirms that broilers could represent an important public health threat to Assiut Governorate residents. Accordingly, measures on how to minimize the contamination level at farms, slaughterhouses and during culinary practices should be disseminated to farm workers, slaughterhouse men and consumers.

This study aimed to establish normal ultrasonographic reference values of kidney dimensions in donkeys (Equus asinus) and to describe and evaluate the clinicopathological variations associated with ultrasound-guided renal biopsy. The ultrasonographic dimensions of the right and left kidneys were conducted on 16 donkeys, which were then divided into two groups; eight each for biopsy of the right kidney (RK) and left kidney (LK). Three ultrasonographic cineloops were obtained at 17th intercostal space daily for 3 consecutive days. Renal length, width, and dimensions of the cortex, medulla, and pelvis for both the kidneys in each donkey were recorded. Maximal dimensions were obtained for the RK (length 10 ± 8 cm, width 4.9 ± 1 cm, thickness 4.2 ± 0.4 cm) and LK (length 8.9 ± 0.9 cm, width 4.7 ± 0.8 cm, thickness 3.5 ± 0.7 cm) with good-to-excellent repeatability for all measurements. Follow-up ultrasonography revealed development of postbiopsy subcapsular hematomas, which were confirmed postmortem, of mild (volume 20 mL), moderate (volume from 20 to 40 mL), and severe degrees (volume > 40 mL). Gross hematuria had been observed till 24 hours after biopsy, and then microscopic hematuria was noticed thereafter. Variable clinicopathological changes were noticed in blood and urine. All the biopsy specimens were adequate for histopathological assessment. Postmortem histopathological examination revealed various kidney changes. In conclusion, kidney dimensions can be used by veterinarians for accurate diagnosis and management of renal diseases. Ultrasound-guided renal biopsy is a relatively safe procedure; however, some complications may develop. Renal biopsy is commonly associated with clinicopathological variations; thus, caution should be taken during interpretation of these variables.

This study aimed to establish normal ultrasonographic reference values of kidney dimensions in donkeys (Equus asinus) and to describe and evaluate the clinicopathological variations associated with ultrasound-guided renal biopsy. The ultrasonographic dimensions of the right and left kidneys were conducted on 16 donkeys, which were then divided into two groups; eight each for biopsy of the right kidney (RK) and left kidney (LK). Three ultrasonographic cineloops were obtained at 17th intercostal space daily for 3 consecutive days. Renal length, width, and dimensions of the cortex, medulla, and pelvis for both the kidneys in each donkey were recorded. Maximal dimensions were obtained for the RK (length 10 ± 8 cm, width 4.9 ± 1 cm, thickness 4.2 ± 0.4 cm) and LK (length 8.9 ± 0.9 cm, width 4.7 ± 0.8 cm, thickness 3.5 ± 0.7 cm) with good-to-excellent repeatability for all measurements. Follow-up ultrasonography revealed development of postbiopsy subcapsular hematomas, which were confirmed postmortem, of mild (volume 20 mL), moderate (volume from 20 to 40 mL), and severe degrees (volume > 40 mL). Gross hematuria had been observed till 24 hours after biopsy, and then microscopic hematuria was noticed thereafter. Variable clinicopathological changes were noticed in blood and urine. All the biopsy specimens were adequate for histopathological assessment. Postmortem histopathological examination revealed various kidney changes. In conclusion, kidney dimensions can be used by veterinarians for accurate diagnosis and management of renal diseases. Ultrasound-guided renal biopsy is a relatively safe procedure; however, some complications may develop. Renal biopsy is commonly associated with clinicopathological variations; thus, caution should be taken during interpretation of these variables.

H1 antihistamines are the most widely used drugs for relieving symptoms of histamine-mediated disease. Although chlorpheniramine maleate and cetirizine hydrochloride have tolerable side effects, they induce severe side effects on chronic use such as hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice. Oxidative stress has been implicated as a mechanism of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. LCarnitine is an effective biological active compound that is involved in oxidation of fatty acids in the liver through transportation of fatty acids into the mitochondria for energy production from fat. L-Carnitine has well-known antioxidant properties, improves hepatic function, and improves mitochondrial function in hepatic cells. In the present study, we evaluated the possible role of oxidative stress and the therapeutic and hepatoprotective effect of L-carnitine on chlorpheniramine maleate– and cetirizine hydrochloride–induced liver damage during chronic use. Methods are measurement of ALT, AST, ALP and albumin serum levels and measurement of hepatic oxidative stress biomarkers MDA and GSH in groups with and without combination with Lcarnitine. Histopathological examination of changes in hepatic tissue and scoring of the induced hepatic damage was conducted in all treatment groups. Co-treatment of L-carnitine with chlorpheniramine maleate and cetirizine hydrochloride significantly improved the deteriorated hepatic function as indicated by reduction in the serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, and elevation in serum albumin levels compared with control and untreated groups. Moreover, co-administration of L-carnitine with chlorpheniramine maleate and cetirizine hydrochloride decreased hepatic MDA and elevated hepatic GSH levels compared with control and untreated groups. Ultrastructure examination of hepatic tissue found that co-treatment with L-carnitine decreased hepatic necrosis and damage. In conclusion, oxidative stress can be a possible explanation of hepatic damage induced by chronic therapy with chlorpheniramine maleate and cetirizine hydrochloride. L-Carnitine has prominent hepatoprotective effects on chlorpheniramine maleate– and cetirizine hydrochloride–induced hepatic damage possibly through improvement of hepatic function and decreasing oxidative stress.

H1 antihistamines are the most widely used drugs for relieving symptoms of histamine-mediated disease. Although chlorpheniramine maleate and cetirizine hydrochloride have tolerable side effects, they induce severe side effects on chronic use such as hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice. Oxidative stress has been implicated as a mechanism of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. LCarnitine is an effective biological active compound that is involved in oxidation of fatty acids in the liver through transportation of fatty acids into the mitochondria for energy production from fat. L-Carnitine has well-known antioxidant properties, improves hepatic function, and improves mitochondrial function in hepatic cells. In the present study, we evaluated the possible role of oxidative stress and the therapeutic and hepatoprotective effect of L-carnitine on chlorpheniramine maleate– and cetirizine hydrochloride–induced liver damage during chronic use. Methods are measurement of ALT, AST, ALP and albumin serum levels and measurement of hepatic oxidative stress biomarkers MDA and GSH in groups with and without combination with Lcarnitine. Histopathological examination of changes in hepatic tissue and scoring of the induced hepatic damage was conducted in all treatment groups. Co-treatment of L-carnitine with chlorpheniramine maleate and cetirizine hydrochloride significantly improved the deteriorated hepatic function as indicated by reduction in the serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, and elevation in serum albumin levels compared with control and untreated groups. Moreover, co-administration of L-carnitine with chlorpheniramine maleate and cetirizine hydrochloride decreased hepatic MDA and elevated hepatic GSH levels compared with control and untreated groups. Ultrastructure examination of hepatic tissue found that co-treatment with L-carnitine decreased hepatic necrosis and damage. In conclusion, oxidative stress can be a possible explanation of hepatic damage induced by chronic therapy with chlorpheniramine maleate and cetirizine hydrochloride. L-Carnitine has prominent hepatoprotective effects on chlorpheniramine maleate– and cetirizine hydrochloride–induced hepatic damage possibly through improvement of hepatic function and decreasing oxidative stress.