This study provides a novel method for improving the anaerobic digestion (AD) of Holstein dairy manure (HDM) by the direct addition of Mineraso (MnS), a natural soil-derived supplement, to the feed of Holstein dairy cattle (HDC). MnS is chiefly composed of approximately 69.08% Fe₃O₄ and was supplemented at rates of 0 (F1), 25 (F2), and 50 (F3) g/head of HDC/d for two months. The HDM was then examined for non-absorbed iron prior to the batch and semi-continuous bench AD experiments. The results revealed that MnS enhanced CH₄ generation in F2 and F3 by 25% and 42%, respectively, in the batch experiments compared to that of F1. Additionally, the gas yield improved in F2 and F3 by 45% and 66%, respectively, over the control after 7 d in the bench experiments. Therefore, supplementing animals with MnS represents a sustainable and economic approach to enhancing CH₄ yields

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a promising bio-technology for energy recovery from organic wastes. This study provides a novel method for the enhanced AD of dairy manure (DM) without pre/post-treatment by the direct supplementation of special natural ash from soil called Mineraso (MS) to the feed of lactating Holstein dairy cattle (HDC). MS is chiefly composed of approximately 84.8% of iron hydroxide. MS was supplemented at rates of 0 (F1), 25 (F2), and 50 (F3) g/head of HDC/day for two months. Thereafter, the manure of each group of HDC was collected and examined for iron concentrations prior to the batch AD experiments. The results revealed that the amounts of iron excreted in manure were reduced by 63.64% and 68.42%, respectively. Interestingly, the supplementation of MS at concentrations of 25 and 50 g/head of HDC improved biogas yields from DM by 21.90% and 40.05%, respectively than the control (no MS supplementation). Additionally, the equivalent dosages of MS improved methane yield by 25.87% and 46.51%, respectively. The highest cumulative production of biogas and CH4 was 1.11 and 0.63 L/gVS removed, respectively, which was achieved by F3 supplement, while the corresponding values in the case of F1 were 0.79 and 0.43 L/gVS removed. Therefore, the supplementation of animals with iron-containing MS might represent a sustainable and practical approach to enhancing CH4 yields.

This study was conducted to clarify the possible effects of ground water characteristics of the New Valley- Egypt, on the concentrations of both norfloxacin and doxycycline "in- vitro". Thirty two ground water samples (pooled samples) were collected and examined for their water quality parameters and heavy metals concentrations (pH, chloride (Clˉ), calcium (Ca⁺²), magnesium (Mg⁺²), sodium (Na⁺), total hardness, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni). Therapeutic doses of both norfloxacin and doxycycline were added separately to the ground-water samples and were left for different contact times. Results showed that norfloxacin concentrations significantly decreased with increasing the time of contact till 3 hours while, doxycycline showed a non-significant decrease which increased with increasing the contact time to 8 hours. Each of TDS, EC, Mg⁺2, Na⁺, Clˉ and Fe⁺2 showed significant positive correlations with the decreasing percent of norfloxacin while only Ca⁺2 ions concentration showed a significant negative correlation with the decreasing percent of doxycycline.

This study was conducted to clarify the possible effects of ground water characteristics of the New Valley- Egypt, on the concentrations of both norfloxacin and doxycycline "in- vitro". Thirty two ground water samples (pooled samples) were collected and examined for their water quality parameters and heavy metals concentrations (pH, chloride (Clˉ), calcium (Ca⁺²), magnesium (Mg⁺²), sodium (Na⁺), total hardness, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni). Therapeutic doses of both norfloxacin and doxycycline were added separately to the ground-water samples and were left for different contact times. Results showed that norfloxacin concentrations significantly decreased with increasing the time of contact till 3 hours while, doxycycline showed a non-significant decrease which increased with increasing the contact time to 8 hours. Each of TDS, EC, Mg⁺2, Na⁺, Clˉ and Fe⁺2 showed significant positive correlations with the decreasing percent of norfloxacin while only Ca⁺2 ions concentration showed a significant negative correlation with the decreasing percent of doxycycline.

Objective: This study was considered to explore the possible impacts of drinking water quality from different sources on the bioavailability of doxycycline. Materials and Methods: Sixty-four tap and ground drinking water samples collected from poultry farms were scrutinized for their water quality limits (TH, pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, Clˉ, Ca⁺², Na⁺, and Mg⁺²) and heavy metals concentrations (Zn, Fe, Cu, and Ni). An in vitro study was conducted by adding the therapeutic concentrations of doxycycline to all tested water samples, and allowed to interact for 1 h, 3 h, 5 h, and 8 h followed by re-estimation of doxycycline concentrations after each contact time using thin layer chromatography. Results: The therapeutic concentration of doxycycline was decreased in tap water samples by 1.92%, 9.63%, 22.42%, and 30.83% for the aforementioned contact times, respectively, while the corresponding reduction percentages in ground water samples were 2.14%, 17.14%, 28.57%, and 40.09%. However, the control samples had never showed any recorded decrease in their doxycycline concentrations overall contact times. All measured concentrations of doxycycline were significantly lower in tap and ground water than those of control at all times of contact. Both pH, Mg⁺² showed significant positive correlations with decreasing values of doxycycline in water. Conclusion: Different drinking water sources reduce the concentrations of doxycycline in vitro in a time dependent manner, which can be attributed to their different physico-chemical parameters, i.e., pH and Mg⁺² ions. This emphasizes the role of water quality on the stability of antibiotics concentrations administrated via drinking water.

Objective: This study was considered to explore the possible impacts of drinking water quality from different sources on the bioavailability of doxycycline. Materials and Methods: Sixty-four tap and ground drinking water samples collected from poultry farms were scrutinized for their water quality limits (TH, pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, Clˉ, Ca⁺², Na⁺, and Mg⁺²) and heavy metals concentrations (Zn, Fe, Cu, and Ni). An in vitro study was conducted by adding the therapeutic concentrations of doxycycline to all tested water samples, and allowed to interact for 1 h, 3 h, 5 h, and 8 h followed by re-estimation of doxycycline concentrations after each contact time using thin layer chromatography. Results: The therapeutic concentration of doxycycline was decreased in tap water samples by 1.92%, 9.63%, 22.42%, and 30.83% for the aforementioned contact times, respectively, while the corresponding reduction percentages in ground water samples were 2.14%, 17.14%, 28.57%, and 40.09%. However, the control samples had never showed any recorded decrease in their doxycycline concentrations overall contact times. All measured concentrations of doxycycline were significantly lower in tap and ground water than those of control at all times of contact. Both pH, Mg⁺² showed significant positive correlations with decreasing values of doxycycline in water. Conclusion: Different drinking water sources reduce the concentrations of doxycycline in vitro in a time dependent manner, which can be attributed to their different physico-chemical parameters, i.e., pH and Mg⁺² ions. This emphasizes the role of water quality on the stability of antibiotics concentrations administrated via drinking water.

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