Background: Nowadays, immuno-stimulants have great importance in improving the immune system and minimising the effect of infectious diseases in poultry flocks. This study was designed to demonstrate the impact of using different immunestimulants on the reduction of the harmful implications of virulent ND virus through evaluation of histopathological lesion scores on bursa and trachea of vaccinated and infected broiler chickens with Newcastle disease (ND). Results: Eighty Ross breed broiler chicks at the age of 1 day were randomly divided into four groups, each group formed of 20 birds. Group I was vaccinated against AI, ND and IBD and used as a control. Groups II, III and IV were immunised as group I and also had immuno-stimulant supplement, Imutrix® (oregano oils plus ß-glucan), Evit liquid® (Vitamin E plus selenium) and Immunair 17.5 (Propionibacterium acnes and E. coli lipopolysaccharides), respectively. All groups were experimentally infected with virulent ND virus at the age of 28 days. The morbidity rates for groups I, II, III and IV were 15%, 5%, 5% and 10% respectively. Histopathological examination of bursa revealed hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles in group I which became more evident in groups II, III and IV. Group III showed hyperplasia of tracheal epithelium with lymphocytes and heterophils infiltration in lamina propria. CD79A-positive cells were significantly higher in bursa of group III in comparison to other groups during an immunohistochemical examination. Conclusion: It was concluded that Evit liquid® (vitamin E plus selenium) supplementation might have potent immunomodulatory effect in chickens.

Background: Nowadays, immuno-stimulants have great importance in improving the immune system and minimising the effect of infectious diseases in poultry flocks. This study was designed to demonstrate the impact of using different immunestimulants on the reduction of the harmful implications of virulent ND virus through evaluation of histopathological lesion scores on bursa and trachea of vaccinated and infected broiler chickens with Newcastle disease (ND). Results: Eighty Ross breed broiler chicks at the age of 1 day were randomly divided into four groups, each group formed of 20 birds. Group I was vaccinated against AI, ND and IBD and used as a control. Groups II, III and IV were immunised as group I and also had immuno-stimulant supplement, Imutrix® (oregano oils plus ß-glucan), Evit liquid® (Vitamin E plus selenium) and Immunair 17.5 (Propionibacterium acnes and E. coli lipopolysaccharides), respectively. All groups were experimentally infected with virulent ND virus at the age of 28 days. The morbidity rates for groups I, II, III and IV were 15%, 5%, 5% and 10% respectively. Histopathological examination of bursa revealed hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles in group I which became more evident in groups II, III and IV. Group III showed hyperplasia of tracheal epithelium with lymphocytes and heterophils infiltration in lamina propria. CD79A-positive cells were significantly higher in bursa of group III in comparison to other groups during an immunohistochemical examination. Conclusion: It was concluded that Evit liquid® (vitamin E plus selenium) supplementation might have potent immunomodulatory effect in chickens.

The current work was undertaken to evaluate the toxicologic effect of manganese chloride (MnCl2) and potential therapeutic effect of curcumin on male albino rats. Ninety-six rats were divided into three groups. MnCl2 toxicity group (I) included 32 rats were administered (MnCl2) at a dose of 5 mg/ml daily in drinking water orally for 8 weeks. Curcumin-treated group (II) included 32 rats were given (MnCl2) in the same dose and route as the first group. Each rat of this group was treated by oral administration of curcumin in a daily dose 100 mg/kg b.w. The control group (III) included 32 rats. Eight rats were randomly selected from groups I, II and III and sacrificed at (2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks) of experiment. Tissue samples from cerebellum and midbrain of all groups were collected for histopathological examination, and neuromorphometrical analysis as well as blood samples were taken for complete blood picture. The histopathological examination in group I showed Purkinje cell loss in the cerebellum with degeneration of motor neurons in midbrain. In group II, curcumin caused significant increase in number of healthy Purkinje cells in cerebellum with prevalence of healthy motor neurons and minimal vascular alterations in midbrain. The hematological results revealed that animals in group I showed a significant increase in WBCs and platelets compared to other groups, while RBCs count significantly decreased. The number of poikilocyts increased in group I compared to group II and group III. In conclusion, curcumin therapy has a powerful neuroprotective effect in Mncl2 toxicity.

The current work was undertaken to evaluate the toxicologic effect of manganese chloride (MnCl2) and potential therapeutic effect of curcumin on male albino rats. Ninety-six rats were divided into three groups. MnCl2 toxicity group (I) included 32 rats were administered (MnCl2) at a dose of 5 mg/ml daily in drinking water orally for 8 weeks. Curcumin-treated group (II) included 32 rats were given (MnCl2) in the same dose and route as the first group. Each rat of this group was treated by oral administration of curcumin in a daily dose 100 mg/kg b.w. The control group (III) included 32 rats. Eight rats were randomly selected from groups I, II and III and sacrificed at (2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks) of experiment. Tissue samples from cerebellum and midbrain of all groups were collected for histopathological examination, and neuromorphometrical analysis as well as blood samples were taken for complete blood picture. The histopathological examination in group I showed Purkinje cell loss in the cerebellum with degeneration of motor neurons in midbrain. In group II, curcumin caused significant increase in number of healthy Purkinje cells in cerebellum with prevalence of healthy motor neurons and minimal vascular alterations in midbrain. The hematological results revealed that animals in group I showed a significant increase in WBCs and platelets compared to other groups, while RBCs count significantly decreased. The number of poikilocyts increased in group I compared to group II and group III. In conclusion, curcumin therapy has a powerful neuroprotective effect in Mncl2 toxicity.

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This study examined the effects of a dietary synbiotic supplement on the behavioral patterns and growth performance of broiler chickens exposed to heat stress (HS). Three hundred sixty 1-day-old male Ross 708 broiler chicks were distributed among 24 floor pens (15 chicks per pen); each pen was randomly assigned to one of 3 dietary treatments containing a synbiotic at 0 (control), 0.5 (0.5X) and 1.0 (1.0X) g/kg. From d 15 to 42, birds were exposed to HS at 32°C daily from 08:00 to 17:00. Five broiler chickens were randomly marked in each pen for behavioral observation. Instantaneous scan sampling was used to record the birds’ behavioral patterns. Performance parameters were measured on d 7, 14, 28 and 42. The synbiotic fed birds exhibited more standing, sitting, walking, feeding, preening and less wing spreading and panting behaviors (P 0.05) compared to birds fed the control diet. The synbiotic group also had higher BW, BW gain and feed intake on d 7, 14 and 42 (P 0.05), and higher BW, feed intake and feed conversion ratio at d 28 (P 0.01). There were no treatment effects on drinking behavior, BW gain on d 28 and feed conversion ratio on d 42 (P > 0.05). There were few dose-related differences of the synbiotic on production performance; namely, the 1.0X concentration resulted in the highest BW and feed intake on d 14 and 42 (P 0.05), while BW gain was higher compared to the control group only on d 42 (P 0.05). The results suggest that the synbiotic supplement may prove to be an important management tool for the broiler industry to diminish the negative effects of HS, potentially safeguarding the welfare and production of broiler chickens, particularly in areas that experience hot climates.

The incidence of aflatoxins M1 was determined in raw milk of cows, sheep and camels. Samples were analyzed by competitive ELISA technique. AFM1 was found in 63.33% of all tested samples by a mean concentration of 23.38±2.26 ng/L. The incidence of AFM1 in raw cow, sheep and camel milk samples were 62.5%, 62.5% and 65%, respectively. The concentration of AFM1 in raw milk was compared to the maximum tolerance limit accepted by the European union/Codex Alimentarius Commission (50 ng/L). The relation between AFM1 contamination in milk samples and different seasons was described. For all lactating species, the incidence of AFM1 was higher in cold seasons than in hot seasons. Most of tested raw milk samples were contaminated with AFM1 in variable levels with highest AFM1 concentration level in raw cow milk samples. The results indicated that the contamination of milk samples with AFM1 in such levels could be a serious public health problem.

The incidence of aflatoxins M1 was determined in raw milk of cows, sheep and camels. Samples were analyzed by competitive ELISA technique. AFM1 was found in 63.33% of all tested samples by a mean concentration of 23.38±2.26 ng/L. The incidence of AFM1 in raw cow, sheep and camel milk samples were 62.5%, 62.5% and 65%, respectively. The concentration of AFM1 in raw milk was compared to the maximum tolerance limit accepted by the European union/Codex Alimentarius Commission (50 ng/L). The relation between AFM1 contamination in milk samples and different seasons was described. For all lactating species, the incidence of AFM1 was higher in cold seasons than in hot seasons. Most of tested raw milk samples were contaminated with AFM1 in variable levels with highest AFM1 concentration level in raw cow milk samples. The results indicated that the contamination of milk samples with AFM1 in such levels could be a serious public health problem.

The incidence of aflatoxins M1 was determined in raw milk of cows, sheep and camels. Samples were analyzed by competitive ELISA technique. AFM1 was found in 63.33% of all tested samples by a mean concentration of 23.38±2.26 ng/L. The incidence of AFM1 in raw cow, sheep and camel milk samples were 62.5%, 62.5% and 65%, respectively. The concentration of AFM1 in raw milk was compared to the maximum tolerance limit accepted by the European union/Codex Alimentarius Commission (50 ng/L). The relation between AFM1 contamination in milk samples and different seasons was described. For all lactating species, the incidence of AFM1 was higher in cold seasons than in hot seasons. Most of tested raw milk samples were contaminated with AFM1 in variable levels with highest AFM1 concentration level in raw cow milk samples. The results indicated that the contamination of milk samples with AFM1 in such levels could be a serious public health problem.

Aim: To determine the incidence of Escherichia albertii and other Escherichia species in raw milk and some dairy products in Assiut city, Egypt. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 random samples of raw milk, Damietta cheese, kareish cheese and cooking butter, (30 samples each) were collected from different localities in Assiut city, Egypt. Two media Hugh and Leifson agar (H&L) and Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (E.M.B.) were used for isolation of Escherichia spp. The strains were biochemically characterized. Latex agglutination test was performed on Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed on Escherichia albertii (E. albertii) strains that were biochemically identified. Results: The incidence of Escherichia spp. was 70% on H&L medium and 59.17% on E.M.B. medium. The strains were divided into 6 species; E. coli, Escherichia (E. fergusonii), Escherichia vulneris (E. vulneris), Escherichia hermanni( E. hermanni), Escherichia blattae ( E. blattae) & Escherichia albertii( E. albertii E.albertii was isolated in an incidence of 0.83% on each medium. Three strains of E.coli were positive for E. coli O157:H7 by Latex agglutination test. One of the tested E. albertii strains was confirmed by PCR. Conclusion: Considering the fact that Escherichia species contribute to the burden of food borne illness, and since its presence in milk & milk products could be attributed to their contamination during milking, handling or processing, more hygienic measures should be applied to improve the quality of the produced milk & milk products to ensure maximum safety to consumers.