This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with Yucca schidigera powder (YSP) on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, rumen enzyme activity, and growth performance of growing buffalo calves. A total of 15 buffalo calves aged approximately 8–10 months with 167 ± 3.5 kg average body weight were randomly assigned to three treatments with five calves/treatment. The dietary treatments consisted of the basal diet as control and YSP groups receiving either 1 g (T1) or 2 g (T2) YSP/ kg dry matter (DM) in the concentrate mixture. The results revealed that the digestibility of DM, ether extract (EE), and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) were significantly (P 0.05) improved, whereas the digestibility of crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and cellulose were decreased (P 0.05) with addition of YSP powder. Dietary supplementation with YSP affects (P 0.05) rumen fermentation in terms of reducing ruminal ammonia-N, total volatile fatty acids, the molar proportion of acetate, ruminal enzyme activity and the total protozoa counts. In addition, supplemental YSP, particularly 2 g/kg DM, increased significantly (P 0.05) the daily dry matter intake of feed, daily weight gain, blood glucose, and albumin levels. It can be concluded that YSP is one of the most effective ways to improve rumen fermentation, growth performance, and mitigation of ammonia and methane in livestock production.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with Yucca schidigera powder (YSP) on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, rumen enzyme activity, and growth performance of growing buffalo calves. A total of 15 buffalo calves aged approximately 8–10 months with 167 ± 3.5 kg average body weight were randomly assigned to three treatments with five calves/treatment. The dietary treatments consisted of the basal diet as control and YSP groups receiving either 1 g (T1) or 2 g (T2) YSP/ kg dry matter (DM) in the concentrate mixture. The results revealed that the digestibility of DM, ether extract (EE), and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) were significantly (P 0.05) improved, whereas the digestibility of crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and cellulose were decreased (P 0.05) with addition of YSP powder. Dietary supplementation with YSP affects (P 0.05) rumen fermentation in terms of reducing ruminal ammonia-N, total volatile fatty acids, the molar proportion of acetate, ruminal enzyme activity and the total protozoa counts. In addition, supplemental YSP, particularly 2 g/kg DM, increased significantly (P 0.05) the daily dry matter intake of feed, daily weight gain, blood glucose, and albumin levels. It can be concluded that YSP is one of the most effective ways to improve rumen fermentation, growth performance, and mitigation of ammonia and methane in livestock production.

Many studies have been carried out to investigate the histological structure of the trachea in many species of birds. However, the cellular organization of the trachea in the mallard duck is still unclear. This study was performed on 12 sexually mature maleMallard duck to demonstrate the cellular organization of the trachea using light and electronmicroscopy. The tracheal epithelium is considered the first line of defense against airborne pathogens. The mallard trachea was lined by a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that contained many morphologically distinct cell types: ciliated, non-ciliated, basal cells that encircled by a population of subepithelial immune cells, fibroblasts, and telocytes (TCs). Telocytes were first recorded in duck trachea in this study and showed a wide variety of staining affinity. They presented two long telopodes that made up frequent close contacts with epithelium, tracheal cartilages, and other neighboring TCs, immune cells, blood capillaries, and nerve fibers. TCs express VEGF and S-100 protein. The immune cells include mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and dendritic reticular cells. The ciliated tracheal epithelium was interrupted by numerous intraepithelialmucous glands and solitary goblet cells. Thismucociliary apparatus constitutes the major defense mechanism against inhaled foreign materials. The cellular organization of the duck trachea and its relation to the immunity was discussed.

There is a relationship between hypogonadism and liver cirrhosis caused by chronic hepatitis. Date palm are widely used in traditional medicine for treatment of different diseases including, liver troubles. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the role of date flesh or pit aqueous extract in prevention of hypogonadism resulted from liver damage. In addition, to determine the most effective extract and the exact time of its application. Materials and Methods: Sixty rats were divided into 6 equal groups. Control treated daily orally and intraperitoneally with distilled water and olive oil respectively. Group 2: injected on the days 1, 2 and 3 of the treatment period I/P with CCl4. Groups 3 and 5: (Pretreatment date flesh or date pit groups) were administrated aqueous extract of date flesh or pit orally and treated with CCl4 on day 30, 31 and 32 of the treatment period. Group 4 and 6: (Post treatment date-flesh or date-pit group) were administrated aqueous extract of date flesh or date-pit orally and treated with CCl4 on the days 1, 2 and 3 of the treatment period. The experimental period was 60 days. The data were analyzed statistically using one-way analysis of variance procedures and Duncan's test. Results: Rat treated with CCl4 showed significant p0.01 decrease in final body (g), reproductive organs (index weight), liver (index weight) and kidney weights (gm), serum testosterone, gonadotrophins, testicular zinc and testosterone, semen characteristics, total protein, albumin, glucose, antioxidative enzymes and showed significant p0.01 increase in serum estrogen, prolactin and testicular cholesterol, sperm abnormalities, urea, creatinine, lipid profile, bilirubin, liver enzymes and malondialdehyde. Treatment with date flesh or date pit extracts before or after CCl4 treatment caused reverse to these results. Conclusion: Pre and post oral treatment with the aqueous extracts of date pits or flesh at the same time with CCl4 has hepatoprotective effect, which in turn prevent hypogonadism due to liver damage.

There is a relationship between hypogonadism and liver cirrhosis caused by chronic hepatitis. Date palm are widely used in traditional medicine for treatment of different diseases including, liver troubles. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the role of date flesh or pit aqueous extract in prevention of hypogonadism resulted from liver damage. In addition, to determine the most effective extract and the exact time of its application. Materials and Methods: Sixty rats were divided into 6 equal groups. Control treated daily orally and intraperitoneally with distilled water and olive oil respectively. Group 2: injected on the days 1, 2 and 3 of the treatment period I/P with CCl4. Groups 3 and 5: (Pretreatment date flesh or date pit groups) were administrated aqueous extract of date flesh or pit orally and treated with CCl4 on day 30, 31 and 32 of the treatment period. Group 4 and 6: (Post treatment date-flesh or date-pit group) were administrated aqueous extract of date flesh or date-pit orally and treated with CCl4 on the days 1, 2 and 3 of the treatment period. The experimental period was 60 days. The data were analyzed statistically using one-way analysis of variance procedures and Duncan's test. Results: Rat treated with CCl4 showed significant p0.01 decrease in final body (g), reproductive organs (index weight), liver (index weight) and kidney weights (gm), serum testosterone, gonadotrophins, testicular zinc and testosterone, semen characteristics, total protein, albumin, glucose, antioxidative enzymes and showed significant p0.01 increase in serum estrogen, prolactin and testicular cholesterol, sperm abnormalities, urea, creatinine, lipid profile, bilirubin, liver enzymes and malondialdehyde. Treatment with date flesh or date pit extracts before or after CCl4 treatment caused reverse to these results. Conclusion: Pre and post oral treatment with the aqueous extracts of date pits or flesh at the same time with CCl4 has hepatoprotective effect, which in turn prevent hypogonadism due to liver damage.

In the present study, the potential immunoprotective role of infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccine on immunopotentiated chickens challenged with velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus (vvNDV) genotype VIId was investigated. The chickens were divided into five groups vaccinated with NDV vaccine, but group (G1) was kept as control unvaccinated birds. The G2 and G4 were immunopotentiated using mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) while G3 and G5 received MOS and IBD vaccine. The G1, G2, and G3 were infected with vvNDV while G4 and G5 served as uninfected birds. The humoral response to NDV vaccine was measured by hemagglutination inhibition test while cellular response was estimated by chicken interleukin-2 ELISA, total and differential leucocytic count, bursa body weight index, and histopathological examination of the bursae. The results revealed that the immunopotentiated groups possessed a good cellular and humoral response to vvNDV although the severity of histopathological lesions was variable. The G3 had the best cellular and humoral response, and IBD vaccine enhanced the immune response against the infection with vvNDV. Histopathologically, the typical bursal lesions of NDV were observed in G1 such as lymphocytic depletion, acute inflammatory reaction, and degenerative changes of the bursal follicles. In contrast, such histopathological changes in the immunopotentiated groups were less evident both in severity and prevalence, while the immune reactive lymphoid hyperplasia was a prominent finding in G4 and G5. In conclusion, the immunopotentiation of the chickens as well as NDV and IBD vaccination improved the bird immunity and diminished the immunosuppressive effect of the vvNDV.

In the present study, the potential immunoprotective role of infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccine on immunopotentiated chickens challenged with velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus (vvNDV) genotype VIId was investigated. The chickens were divided into five groups vaccinated with NDV vaccine, but group (G1) was kept as control unvaccinated birds. The G2 and G4 were immunopotentiated using mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) while G3 and G5 received MOS and IBD vaccine. The G1, G2, and G3 were infected with vvNDV while G4 and G5 served as uninfected birds. The humoral response to NDV vaccine was measured by hemagglutination inhibition test while cellular response was estimated by chicken interleukin-2 ELISA, total and differential leucocytic count, bursa body weight index, and histopathological examination of the bursae. The results revealed that the immunopotentiated groups possessed a good cellular and humoral response to vvNDV although the severity of histopathological lesions was variable. The G3 had the best cellular and humoral response, and IBD vaccine enhanced the immune response against the infection with vvNDV. Histopathologically, the typical bursal lesions of NDV were observed in G1 such as lymphocytic depletion, acute inflammatory reaction, and degenerative changes of the bursal follicles. In contrast, such histopathological changes in the immunopotentiated groups were less evident both in severity and prevalence, while the immune reactive lymphoid hyperplasia was a prominent finding in G4 and G5. In conclusion, the immunopotentiation of the chickens as well as NDV and IBD vaccination improved the bird immunity and diminished the immunosuppressive effect of the vvNDV.

Dimethoate (DM) and Lambda cyhalothrin (LCT) are commonly used insecticides. Human being and farm animals are expected to have acute toxicity. The present work aimed to explore the effect of acute exposure to DM and LCT on hematological parameters and to detect DNA damage in bone marrow of Sprague Dawley rats using the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay). Thirty animals were divided into three groups of ten rats each. LCT group administered 26 mg/kg body weight, DM group administered 103 mg/kg body weight orally for 24 and 48 hours, while the control group received the vehicle only. Blood samples were collected for hematological analysis, bone marrow was flushed from the femur bone for comet assay and spleen samples were preserved in formalin for histopathological examination. Results showed minor changes in blood profile in all exposed groups associated with mild changes in histology of spleen tissue. Alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay in bone marrow cells showed that LCT and DM caused extensive and severe DNA damage after 48 h exposure expressed as significant increases in all comet parameters (% DNA in tail, tail length, tail moment and Olive tail moment). The results concluded that LCT and DM induced DNA damage in bone marrow of rats, LCT showed higher degree of DNA damage in comparison with DM.

Dimethoate (DM) and Lambda cyhalothrin (LCT) are commonly used insecticides. Human being and farm animals are expected to have acute toxicity. The present work aimed to explore the effect of acute exposure to DM and LCT on hematological parameters and to detect DNA damage in bone marrow of Sprague Dawley rats using the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay). Thirty animals were divided into three groups of ten rats each. LCT group administered 26 mg/kg body weight, DM group administered 103 mg/kg body weight orally for 24 and 48 hours, while the control group received the vehicle only. Blood samples were collected for hematological analysis, bone marrow was flushed from the femur bone for comet assay and spleen samples were preserved in formalin for histopathological examination. Results showed minor changes in blood profile in all exposed groups associated with mild changes in histology of spleen tissue. Alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay in bone marrow cells showed that LCT and DM caused extensive and severe DNA damage after 48 h exposure expressed as significant increases in all comet parameters (% DNA in tail, tail length, tail moment and Olive tail moment). The results concluded that LCT and DM induced DNA damage in bone marrow of rats, LCT showed higher degree of DNA damage in comparison with DM.

Aluminum (Al) is a trace element available in the Earth’s crust naturally and also is the most toxic metals studied because it caused many affections in animals and human. It has been suggested as a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of encephalopathy, osteomalacia and microcytic anemia. So it causes many economical losses. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace mineral of primary importance for human and animal health. Vitamin E compounds and Selenium haveantioxidative characteristics which needed for the suitable function of the immune system. Meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) is a provocative chelation which bound to plasma albumin and appears to be excreted in the urine. Therefore, the present study has been designed to explore the protective effects of vitamin E & selenium and/ or DMSA against aluminum chloride intoxication in rats by monitoring hematological picture, serum testosterone hormone, Aluminum residues, lipid per oxidation, Nitric oxid, some antioxidant enzymes as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxides (GPx) in brain and testicular tissues beside the pathological examination. 50 adult male albino rats were divided into five groups. The first group (group I) served as a control. The second group exposed to Aluminumchloride (AlCl3) twice weekly at a dose of 2 mg/kg b.w, twice / week, orally by stomach tube for three months. The third group received DMSA at a dose of 27 mg/kg b.w, twice/ week, orally by stomach tube in addition to AlCl in the same dose for 3 months. The fourth group (group IV) received Vitamin E & Selenium (1ml/ liter) in drinking water in addition to AlCl3 at the same dose for 3 months. The fifth group (group V) received Vitamin E & Selenium in drinking water and DMSA by stomach tube in addition to AlCl3 at the same doses for 3 months. Blood samples were taken for complete blood picture (CBC) also serum was obtained for determination of testosterone hormone levels as well as brain and testes tissue for biochemical parameters, AL residues estimation, and pathological examination . The results of hematological picture revealed that animals in group II showed a significant increase in WBCs, monocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes and platelets when compared with other groups, while RBCs count significantly decreased. There was a highly significant increase in lipid per oxidation (MDA) and Nitric oxid in group II while GPx and CAT levels were significantly decreased. Rats in group II have a significantly higher concentration of AL in brain and testes tissue than in other treated groups specially group III and V. The histopathological examination of brain in group II showed demyelination, neuronal degeneration up to necrosis compared to other groups as well as degeneration of spermatogenic cell in the somniferous tubules of testes with formation of spermatid giant cells inside the lumen with interstitial inflammation and degeneration of pseudo stratified columnar epithelium of prostate gland. The results of this investiga- tion demonstrated that aluminum chloride toxicity induces morph pathological lesions in brain, testes and prostate gland. It decreases GPx and CAT activates. Vitamin E and selenium with DMSA have the best ameliorating effect against Al toxicity after three months post-treatment.