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Thirty samples (10 raw milk, 10 yoghurt and 10 cheeses) were randomly collected from local markets in Assiutcity. All samples were chemically analyzed for acidity, fat, total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen, salt and ash contents, microbiologically for total counts of bacteria, molds & yeasts and for the incidence of coliform bacteria. The obtained results were (0.13-0.20), (0.63 –0.81) and (0.27-0.97) for titratable acidity, (3-7.3), (3.0-4.7) and (1.00-35.00) for fat contents, (0.47-0.60–), (0.70-0.83) and (2.05-3.7) for total nitrogen (TN%), (0.28-0.45), (0.011-0.029 ) and( 0.014-1.33 ) for soluble nitrogen ( SN%) , ( 0.17-0.29), ( 0.16-0.31) and (2.34 –9.56) for salt contents and ( 0.40 -1.05) , ( 0.70–0.89) and ( 2.5 –7.52) for ash contents of liquid raw milk, yoghurt and cheese samples respectively. microbiological analysis the total bacterial counts (TBC) were (2.25×105-5.25× 107), (4.9 ×105-7.25× 107) and ( 4.1 ×105-18.75× 107), molds & yeasts ( 1×102-45×102),( 1×102-40×102)and ( 1×102-17×102) for liquid raw milk, yoghurt and cheese samples respectively. The results also showed that, most of the investigated samples were free from coliform bacteria except for raw milk.

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To improve the salt tolerance of Genovese cultivar of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of certain growth substances (salicylic acid, seaweed extract, dry yeast and moringa leaf extract) on growth, volatile oil percentage and yield as well as chemical constituents under saline water irrigation stress conditions (control, 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm NaCl). The obtained results revealed that the higher salinity levels (2000 and 4000 ppm NaCl) caused significant decreases in vegetative growth measurements of basil plants compared to control and the lowest salinity level (1000 ppm NaCl). Maximum reduction was observed at 4000 ppm NaCl which showed higher increase of the total phenolics and free proline contents. All recoded parameters were enhanced for plants grown under 1000 ppm NaCl. Seaweed extract was superior than other treatments in enhancing the plant tolerance to salinity which appeared in the significantly increasing of growth and volatile oil content of basil. Phenolics and proline contents were increased with salicylic acid treatment comparing with other ones. The best combination recommended as a result of the current study is treating basil plants with seaweed extract under low salinity level (1000 ppm) for improving the growth and volatile oil parameters.

Four 3,5-pyrazolidinedione derivatives namely, 4-(4`-chlorobenzylidene)-1-phenylpyrazolidine- 3,5-dione (1), 4-(4`-nitrobenzylidene)-1-phenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione (2), 2’-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenyl-3,5-dioxo-1,2,3,5 tetrahydrospiropyrazole-4,3’ oxirane (3) and 2’-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-3,5-dioxo-1,2,3,5 tetrahydrospiropyrazole-4,3’ oxirane (4) were prepared in pure state and bioassayed against 2nd and 4th instars larvae of cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boised) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using feeding and dipping bioassay. The results of bioassays indicated that title compounds exhibit satisfactory insecticidal activities. Among those, compound (1) exhibit the highest insecticidal activities against 2nd instar larvae, with LC50s 3.23 and 0.619 mgL-1 for feeding, and 36.04 and 28.69 mgL-1 for dipping, after 48 and 72 h treatment. According to the toxicity index the compound (1) showed the highest larvicidal activity against 4th instar larvae with LC50s 141.33 and 76.12 mgL-1 for feeding larvae, and 26.94 and 12.29 mgL-1 for dipping larvae after 48 and 72 h treatment. These results showed that, the 2nd larvae was more susceptible than 4th instars larvae to these compounds. In addition, the insecticidal activity of these compounds wasmore effective on cotton leaf worm larvae in feeding bioassay as compared with the dipping treatment. The rest of the tested compounds possessed moderate to strong larvicidal activities against cotton leaf worm. In general, the results indicate the possible use of 3,5-pyrazolidinedione derivatives as components in integrated pest management program against S. littoralis.

Four 3,5-pyrazolidinedione derivatives namely, 4-(4`-chlorobenzylidene)-1-phenylpyrazolidine- 3,5-dione (1), 4-(4`-nitrobenzylidene)-1-phenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione (2), 2’-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenyl-3,5-dioxo-1,2,3,5 tetrahydrospiropyrazole-4,3’ oxirane (3) and 2’-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-3,5-dioxo-1,2,3,5 tetrahydrospiropyrazole-4,3’ oxirane (4) were prepared in pure state and bioassayed against 2nd and 4th instars larvae of cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boised) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using feeding and dipping bioassay. The results of bioassays indicated that title compounds exhibit satisfactory insecticidal activities. Among those, compound (1) exhibit the highest insecticidal activities against 2nd instar larvae, with LC50s 3.23 and 0.619 mgL-1 for feeding, and 36.04 and 28.69 mgL-1 for dipping, after 48 and 72 h treatment. According to the toxicity index the compound (1) showed the highest larvicidal activity against 4th instar larvae with LC50s 141.33 and 76.12 mgL-1 for feeding larvae, and 26.94 and 12.29 mgL-1 for dipping larvae after 48 and 72 h treatment. These results showed that, the 2nd larvae was more susceptible than 4th instars larvae to these compounds. In addition, the insecticidal activity of these compounds wasmore effective on cotton leaf worm larvae in feeding bioassay as compared with the dipping treatment. The rest of the tested compounds possessed moderate to strong larvicidal activities against cotton leaf worm. In general, the results indicate the possible use of 3,5-pyrazolidinedione derivatives as components in integrated pest management program against S. littoralis.

Abstract A study of molecular variation among Botrytis spp., the causal pathogen of scape and umbel blights of onion, as well as the biocontrol of the virulent pathogen using Bacillus subtilis PHYS7 under greenhouse conditions was carried out. Twenty-three isolates of Botrytis spp. were recovered from onion plants showing umbel blight symptoms. They were able to infect onion plants with varied severity. All Botrytis spp. produced cellulases; owever, almost all of them produced pectinase. The highest activities of cellulases and pectinase were achieved by B. allii PHYOA1; however, B. cinerea PHYOC3 showed a high activity of cellulases but it failed to produce pectinase. the genetic variability among the pathogens was assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, using 5 random 10-mer primers: OPA03, OPA05, OPA06, OPI09, and OPW15. The results showed that 50 DNA bands ranging from 100 bp (OPA03) to 1600 bp (OPA05) were generated by the 5 primers that differentiated 9 isolates of Botrytis spp. The dual culture test showed that Bacillus subtilis PHYS77 and PHYS78 had a high ntagonistic potentiality against the pathogen and involved in 60–62% reduction in its growth. Application of Ridomil Gold MZ and Bacillus subtilis PHYS77 on onion plants, 2 days after or before infection with the pathogen, significantly reduced the disease severity than the control. The study approved the molecular tool as a reliable and quick method to differentiate among the virulent and non-virulent strains of Botrytis spp. The application of B. subtilis PHYS77 as an effective biocontrol agent in the management of the onion blight disease can be recommended.

This study is to validate the utilization of Monte Carlo (MC) simulation to model the head of Primus linear accelerator, thereafter, using it to estimate the energy fluence distribution (EFD), the percentage depth dose (PDD), and beam profiles. Materials and Methods: The BEAMNRC code that is based on the EGSNRC code has been used for modeling the linear accelerator head for 10 MeV electron beam with different applicator sizes (10 × 10, 15 × 15, and 20 × 20 cm2). The phase space was acquired from BEAMNRC at the end of each applicator and then used as an input file to DOSXYZNRC and BEAMDP to calculate the EFD, PDD, and beam profiles. Results: There were a good consistency between the outcomes of the MC simulation and measured PDD and off‐axis dose profiles that performed in a water phantom for all applicators. The PDD for the applicators proved to be favorable as a direct comparison of R100, R90, R80, and R50 yielded results of 2 mm, while it was 6 mm in R100 for the applicator 15 × 15 cm2. The discrepancies in the surface doses (3%) showed a quick decline in the build‐up region and differences reached 0% within the first 2.4 mm. For the beam profiles comparison, the differences ranged from 2% (2 mm) to 3% (6 mm) for all applicators. Conclusion: Our examination demonstrated that the MC simulation by BEAMNRC code was accurate in modeling the Primus linear accelerator head.

This study is to validate the utilization of Monte Carlo (MC) simulation to model the head of Primus linear accelerator, thereafter, using it to estimate the energy fluence distribution (EFD), the percentage depth dose (PDD), and beam profiles. Materials and Methods: The BEAMNRC code that is based on the EGSNRC code has been used for modeling the linear accelerator head for 10 MeV electron beam with different applicator sizes (10 × 10, 15 × 15, and 20 × 20 cm2). The phase space was acquired from BEAMNRC at the end of each applicator and then used as an input file to DOSXYZNRC and BEAMDP to calculate the EFD, PDD, and beam profiles. Results: There were a good consistency between the outcomes of the MC simulation and measured PDD and off‐axis dose profiles that performed in a water phantom for all applicators. The PDD for the applicators proved to be favorable as a direct comparison of R100, R90, R80, and R50 yielded results of 2 mm, while it was 6 mm in R100 for the applicator 15 × 15 cm2. The discrepancies in the surface doses (3%) showed a quick decline in the build‐up region and differences reached 0% within the first 2.4 mm. For the beam profiles comparison, the differences ranged from 2% (2 mm) to 3% (6 mm) for all applicators. Conclusion: Our examination demonstrated that the MC simulation by BEAMNRC code was accurate in modeling the Primus linear accelerator head.