A novel electrochemical sensor with a dual-template molecular imprinting technology was fabricated for the simultaneous detection of paracetamol (PAR) and isoniazid (INZ). The sensor was constructed using nitrogen and sulfur co-doped molybdenum carbide (N, S@Mo₂C) and a thin layer of electro-polymerized methylene blue was applied onto the surface of the N, S@Mo₂C. The electrochemical sensor demonstrated remarkable analytical efficiency for the concurrent PAR and INZ quantification under optimal circumstances. The system achieved an exceptionally low limit of detection (S/N = 3) of  3.7 nM for PAR, with a concentration range  of  0.013 and 140 µM.  A LOD of 7.6 nM was attained for INZ, with a linear range  between 0.025 and 140 µM. Furthermore, the platform’s selectivity was evaluated using differential pulse voltammetry  (DPV). The designed platform successfully detected PAR and INZ in authentic samples with recoveries varying between 98.3% and 104.9%. The relative standard deviations (RSD) for these measurements ranged from 2.7 to 4.0%, demonstrating that the proposed sensor is extremely stable, repeatable, and reproducible. These promising results suggest that the sensor holds potential for the detection of various (bio) molecules, paving the way for future applications in sensing fields.

Graphical abstract

Accurate determination of glutathione (GSH) levels in biological fluids and food supplements is paramount. To address this need, we developed a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe with high sensitivity and selectivity for GSH detection. This probe comprises thioctic acid-functionalized silver and gold nanoclusters (ThA@Ag/Au NCs), emitting red light at 720 nm upon excitation at 310 nm. In the presence of Fe³⁺ ions, which form complexes with ThA, the fluorescence of ThA@Ag/Au NCs is quenched due to aggregation. However, upon addition of GSH, a potent chelator for Fe³⁺, the fluorescence of the probe is restored, leading to enhanced emission. Under optimized conditions, the fluorescence response (F/F°) exhibits a linear relationship with increasing GSH concentration within the range of 0.03–95 µM, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of 9.0 nM. This designed scheme demonstrates excellent selectivity, sensitivity, and accuracy for GSH detection. Furthermore, the NIR fluorescent probe effectively estimated GSH levels in various matrices, including capsules, serum, urine, and saliva samples, yielding recoveries % ranging from 97.2 % to 103.2 %, with RSD % below 4.34 %. Due to its NIR properties, this fluorescent probe holds promise for diagnosing various diseases and potential in vivo applications.

Graphical abstract

Terbium and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots (Tb@N-CDs), combined with α-lipoic acid-functionalized copper nanoclusters (LA@CuNCs), were proposed for the ratiometric detection of quinolone (QA) antibiotics. In this system, Tb@N-CDs facilitate the aggregation of LA@CuNCs, enhancing its fluorescence emission at 670 nm via aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE). Meanwhile, the fluorescence emission of Tb@N-CDs at 460 nm diminishes due to Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Upon the introduction of QA, the binding between Tb³⁺ ions and N-CDs weakens, disrupting both AIEE and FRET processes. This disruption results in a reduction in fluorescence emission at 670 nm and a concurrent increase at 460 nm. The fluorescence response ratio (F₄₆₀/F₆₇₀) increases with higher concentrations of ciprofloxacin (CFX), demonstrating a linear range from 0.008 to 120 μmol L⁻¹ and LOD of 1.6 nmol L⁻¹. The method successfully detected CFX in milk and urine samples, achieving recoveries between 97.7 % and 103.8 %, RSD of less than 3.79 %.

Melamine, often used as an adulterant in infants’ formula due to its high protein content, can be harmful when ingested in large amounts, leading to the formation of cyanurate-melamine co-crystals in infants and potentially causing kidney damage. In this study, we introduce a fluorescent method for the selective and reliable detection of melamine in milk and infants’ formula. The fluorescent probe comprises copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs) functionalized with thiosalicylic acid (TSA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as double-protecting ligands. Upon the addition of Hg²⁺, the fluorescence emission of TSA-PVP@Cu NCs is diminished due to static quenching. Subsequently, the fluorescence emission of the TSA-PVP@Cu NCs + Hg²⁺ probe is restored upon the introduction of melamine, facilitated by the coordination interaction between melamine and Hg²⁺ and the formation of a stable chelate between them. Under optimized conditions, the fluorescence emission was recorded initially for the TSA-PVP@Cu NCs + Hg²⁺ probe (F°) and after melamine addition (F). The (F/F°) ratio increased with rising melamine concentrations within the range of 0.025–65 µM. The detection limit, calculated using a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, was determined to be 8.0 nM. The TSA-PVP@Cu NCs + Hg²⁺ probe was successfully employed to detect melamine in milk and infants’ formula, yielding acceptable recovery percentages and relative standard deviations. These results underscore the reliability and efficacy of the proposed probe for the fluorometric detection of melamine in real-world samples.

Background

Levels of heavy metal pollution are increasing due to industrial activities and urban expansion. While cobalt (Co) can be toxic to plants at high levels and isn’t considered essential, it plays a beneficial role in many enzymes and is critical for various biological functions. We conducted experiments to determine how Adhatoda vasica proliferated shoots react to exposure to various Co concentrations (50–1000 µM). We employed physiological and biochemical markers to elucidate the response mechanisms of this medicinal plant. The experiment was conducted in two replicates per treatment. The statistical analysis was based on data from four biological replicates per treatment.

Results

Interestingly, the lowest Co concentration (50 µM) increased proliferated shoot growth by 41.45%. In contrast, higher Co concentrations (100–1000 µM) had detrimental effects on proliferated shoot development, water content, and photosynthetic pigment concentrations. As Co concentration increased, proliferated shoots produced excessive concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This ROS overproduction is believed to be the primary cause of oxidative damage, as evidenced by the elevated concentrations (18.46%-72.84%) of malondialdehyde (MDA) detected. In response to Co stress, non-enzymatic antioxidants were activated in a concentration-dependent manner. Co administration significantly increased the concentrations of different stress-protective compounds in shoots, including total antioxidants (133.18%), ascorbic acids (217.94%), free and bound phenolics (97.70% and 69.72%, respectively), proline (218.59%), free amino acids (206.96%), soluble proteins (65.97%), and soluble carbohydrates (18.52%). FTIR analysis further corroborated changes in the chemical composition of proliferated shoots. The analysis revealed variations in the peaks associated with major macromolecules, including phenolic compounds, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, cellulose, hemicellulose, and sugars.

Conclusions

Our study offers the first comprehensive investigation into mechanisms by which Co stress triggers oxidative damage and alters functional groups in the medicinal plant, Adhatoda vasica.

Target cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitors; 5-([2,5-Dihydroxybenzyl]amino)salicylamides (Compounds 1–11) were examined for potential anticancer activity, with a trial to assess the underlying possible mechanisms. Compounds were assessed at a single dose against 60 cancer cell lines panel and those with the highest activity were tested in the five-dose assay. COMPARE analysis was conducted to explore potential mechanisms underlying their biological activity. In vitro epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitory activity was performed, as well as cell cycle and apoptosis assays, in addition to molecular docking to rationalize the potential of these compounds as potent EGFR inhibitors. The compounds revealed broad-spectrum anticancer activity against most cancer cell lines, particularly those of leukemia. Compound 9 showed the maximum growth inhibition (99.65%) against leukemia HL-60 (TB) cell line. Compound 5 produced the uppermost cytotoxic activity (62.28%) against non-small cell lung cancer cell line (NCI-H522), and the most potent antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities against the same cell line in the five-dose assay. Flow cytometry of cell cycle distribution on NCI-H522 showed arrest of cells at different phases of the cycle by Compounds 4, 5, 9–11. These compounds induced apoptosis in NCI-H522, particularly Compounds 4 and 5. They showed a remarkable in vitro EGFR inhibitory activity that was comparable to erlotinib, and a predicted ADME pharmacokinetic profile. In conclusion, the N-substituted aminosalicylamides exhibited considerable anticancer activity. The pattern of N-substitution is important in their activity. The compounds exhibited polypharmacology; one of the targets is the EGFR, as supported by molecular docking.

Finding effective and selective anticancer agents is a top medical priority due to high clinical treatment demand. However, current anticancer agents have serious side effects and resistance development remains a big concern. This creates an urgent need for new multitarget drugs that could solve these problems. Tetrahydrocarbazoles and 5-arylidene-4-thiazolinones have always attracted researchers for their multifaced anticancer activities and the possibility to be easily derivatized. Thereby, herein we report the combination of the two scaffolds to provide compounds 9a-j and 10a-j that were fully characterized and their tautomeric form was confirmed by crystal structure. 9a-j and 10a-j were assessed for in vitro antiproliferative activity using SRB assay against a panel of seven human cancer cell lines with doxorubicin as the standard. The results revealed that the cell lines derived from leukemia (Jurkat) and lymphoma (U937) are the most sensitive. Compounds 9d, 10e, 10g, and 10f revealed the highest potency (IC₅₀ = 3.11–11.89 μM) with much lower effects on normal lymphocytes cell line (IC₅₀ > 50 µM). The results show that modifications at 6th position of the THC and the nature of the substituent at the arylidene moiety affect the activity. To exploit the mode of action, 9d, 10e, 10f, and 10g were evaluated as VEGFR-2 and EGFR inhibitors. 10e is the most potent (IC₅₀ 0.26 and 0.14 μM) against both enzymes. It also induced G0-G1-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. While 10g exhibited higher potency (IC₅₀ 9.95 μM) than vincristine (IC₅₀ 15.63 μM) against tubulin. A molecular docking study was carried out to understand the interactions between 10e, 10g and their targets. This study reveals 10e and 10g as possible candidates for developing multitarget anticancer agents against leukemia and lymphoma.

CD22 (also known as Siglec-2) is an inhibitory receptor expressed in B cells. CD22 specifically recognizes α2,6 sialic acid and interacts with α2,6 sialylated membrane proteins expressed on the same cell (cis-ligands) and those derived from outside of the cell (trans-ligands). Previously, CD22 cis-ligands were shown to regulate the activity of CD22, thereby regulating both BCR ligation-induced signaling and low-level “tonic” signaling in the absence of BCR ligation that regulates the survival and differentiation of B cells. Mouse CD22 prefers Neu5Gc to Neu5Ac thereby binding to α2,6-linked Neu5Gc with high affinity. Although human CD22 binds to a distinct α2,6 sialylated glycan with high affinity, expression of high-affinity ligands is regulated in a conserved and stringent manner. However, how high- versus low-affinity CD22 ligands regulate B cells is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that the interaction of CD22 with the endogenous ligands enhances BCR ligation-induced signaling but reduces tonic signaling in Cmah^−/− mouse B cells deficient in Neu5Gc as well as wild-type B cells. Moreover, Cmah^−/− B cells do not show alterations in the phenotypes correlated to tonic signaling. These results indicate that low-affinity interaction of the CD22 cis-ligands with CD22 is sufficient for the regulation of B cell signaling, and suggest that expression of high-affinity CD22 ligands might be involved in the regulation of B cells by competing for the binding of CD22 with exogenous trans-ligands of CD22.