ackground: Workers in slaughterhouses engaging in unhygienic practices create conducive environments for zoonoses and meat contamination. Knowledge of hygiene practices and their determinants provides evidence for the design of targeted interventions. Aim: To assess occupational health hazards prevalence, knowledge, attitude and practice among butchers at Assiut District and City. Subjects and method; Study design: A community-based descriptive, cross-sectional design was used. Setting: Butchers’ shops in Assiut District and City. Sample: Included 350 people working in butcher profession: Study tools: Three tools were included in this study; Tool (I): A structured interview sheet consisted of five sections; personal characteristics, work related data, work environment assessment, reported occupational health problems, and butchers' knowledge. Tool (II): Butchers' attitude regarding occupational health hazards. Tool (III): Butchers’ practice observational checklist. Results: It was found that 45.1% of butchers aged<40 years, 40.9% had secondary education, 45.7% had fair level of knowledge with significance relation with education, residence, and nature of work. Also, 78.9% of them had a positive attitude with positive links with education, residence and receiving training courses and 70.0% of them had satisfactory practices which correlated with education, residence and work experience. Conclusion: Butchers had a fair level of knowledge, positive attitude and satisfactory level of practices regarding occupational hazards. Recommendations: Health education program regarding occupational safety and the importance of protective …

Abstract
Background: Eating disorders (EDs) are a major public health issue faced by female students. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the educational program regarding eating disorders among Preparatory School Girls. Methods: The study employed a quasi-experimental research design. The study focused on four randomly selected secondary girls' schools in Assiut City, selected through a simple random sampling method. Multi stage random sample was used in this study. The sample size was 376 students. Data was collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire which included demographic characteristics of students, Body Mass Index, assess the students' knowledge regarding eating disorders, The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire. Results: the study comprises younger adolescents aged 11-13 years (61.4%), with a significant majority residing in urban areas (97.1%), 16.3 % of them had eating disorders, 76.1% of participants following a non-vegetarian diet and 23.9% adhering to vegetarianism. the examined girls initially possessed inadequate knowledge (93.3%), following the program, three-quarters of them (75.0%) transited to a state of good knowledge. No significant differences were found between demographic characteristic in both pre and post-test knowledge scores. Conclusion: The findings indicate an improvement in knowledge scores and a positive effect on reducing concerns and behaviors associated with eating disorders. Recommendation: Further studies on larger sample size among different groups and settings are needed for generalization of the study.
Keywords: Adolescent Girls, Eating Disorders & Educational Program

Background: Promoting breast milk expression and cup feeding supports maternal and child health by reducing dependence on formulas, thereby minimizing associated health risks and financial costs. Objective(s): This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a nursing education program on breast milk expression and infant cup feeding among pregnant women. Methods: A quasi-experimental pre/post-test design study was conducted in two maternal and child health centers with 422 pregnant women. The study utilized an interview questionnaire assessing personal data, knowledge of breast milk expression and storage, and an observational checklist for expression steps and cup feeding. The educational program was developed based on a comprehensive literature review and delivered through group sessions (12–14 participants per session) using videos, printed handouts, and structured practical demonstrations with researcher-designed breast and infant models and sterile storage bottles. Immediate post-intervention assessment was performed to evaluate improvement in participants’ knowledge and reported practices. Results: Nearly half (46.9%) of participants were aged 25-35 years. Before the intervention, only 29.4% of the pregnant women were aware that breast milk can be stored, 1.9% knew the correct duration for storage at room temperature, and 4.0% were able to correctly label and store expressed milk. Practical skills were also lacking, with just 4.2% using the correct expression technique, 6.2% practicing proper hygiene, and only 4.5% tracking daily milk intake. Post-intervention, the total knowledge score significantly improved from 10.18 ± 5.14 to 19.11 ± 3.11 (p < 0.001). The mean score for breast milk expression steps increased from 3.35 ± 1.92 to 7.12 ± 1.42 (p < 0.001), while cup feeding practice scores rose from 3.92 ± 2.75 to 5.34 ± 1.08 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The study highlights a significant improvement in the knowledge and practice of breast milk expression and cup feeding among pregnant women following the intervention. The total knowledge score, as well as the practice scores for expressing breast milk and cup feeding, showed a statistically significant increase post-test. Keywords: Breast milk expression, Cup feeding, Pregnant women

Abstract:
Background: Urinary tract infection, which are thought to be the second most frequent illness affecting people from childhood to old age and are primarily found in females, are currently the biggest public health issue in terms of morbidity and financial cost. Aim: To evaluate the effect of the health education program regarding urinary tract infection prevalence, knowledge and self-reported practices among adolescent girls at Assiut City. Subjects and Method; Study design: Quasi-experimental pre/posttest research design. Setting: Four preparatory schools was selected. Sample: 354 adolescent girls. Tools: Eight components made up a structured interview questionnaire: Sociodemographic data, body mass index, medical history, self-reported symptoms, nutritional habits, health hygienic practices, prevalence of urinary tract infection, and knowledge of urinary tract infection pre and post the educational program. Results: It was found that 28% of adolescent girls are infected with urinary tract infection, 68% complained from flank pain as the most symptoms. There was an association between urinary tract infection and mother education, father occupation, body mass index, presence of chronic disease and social class. Also, 89.3% had poor knowledge pre the intervention with significant improvement after the application of the health education program, 63.8% had improper reported hygienic practices and 71% had unsatisfactory reported nutritional health habits. Conclusion: The health education program related to urinary tract infection was effective among the adolescent girls to improve their knowledge. Recommendations: Continuous health education programs for adolescent girls about prevention of urinary tract infection are very essential.
Keywords: Adolescent girls, Health education program & Urinary Tract Infection.

Abstract
Background
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that causes diarrhea and affects
individuals of all ages. Parents of children who use swimming pools play a crucial
role in minimizing transmission by encouraging and modeling healthy practices
Aim: assess parental awareness about cryptosporidium, related health behaviors,
risks and self -reported morbidities in swimming pools at Assiut city. Methods:
Descriptive study was used in this study, non-probability purposive sampling
technique on 235 parents in 4 swimming pools. Data was collected using a selfadministered
structured questionnaire which included socio-demographic, parental
awareness about cryptosporidium, related health behaviors, risks, self-reported
symptoms and morbidities in swimming pools. Results: the study revealed that
62.6% of parents have unsatisfactory total knowledge level about cryptosporidium,
related health behaviors and risks while 37.4% of them get satisfactory level of
knowledge. Self -reported morbidities was 41.3 % of participants have mild
morbidity during swimming. Positive significant correlation between knowledge
about cryptosporidium and health risks among swimming pool users’ parents.
Conclusion: there was unsatisfactory knowledge about cryptosporidium, related
health behaviors and risks. Recommendation: Educational programs should be
implemented to improve knowledge of swimming pool attendance about
cryptosporidiosis and preventive measures.
Key Words: Cryptosporidium, Health behaviors, Parental awareness, Risks, Self -
reported morbidities, Swimming pools.

ABSTRACT
Background: One of the most prevalent health conditions in population is low back pain, although it is frequency and determinants are underestimated in the developing countries. The study aimed to: Assess the prevalence of farmers' low back pain, associated risk factors, and related disability in Assiut District. Research Design: Descriptive cross-sectional design. Sample: Included 221 farmers. Setting: Five villages were selected randomly. Study Tools: Four tools; Tool (I), part (1): Personal characteristics, part (2): Past medical history, and part (3): Body Mass Index, Tool II, part (1): Standardized Nordic questionnaires for the analysis of low back pain among farmers, part (2): Characteristics of last attack of low back pain, Tool III, part (1): Agricultural work-related conditions, part (2): Agricultural work-related biomechanical factors and Tools (IV): Oswestry Disability Index. Results: It was found that 54.8% of farmers aged 45–60 years, 78.7% male, and 25.8% had family history of low back pain. As well as LBP was highly prevalent (82.8%) with mostly gradual onset (62.8%). Also, months of agricultural work per year and the agricultural machinery were strongly associated with LBP. The strongest independent predictors were illiteracy, daily wage worker, and carrying heavy loads. Conclusion: Low back pain was highly prevalent among farmers which significantly associated with longer period of agricultural work and the use of agricultural machinery, with stronger independent predictors with illiteracy, daily wage, and carrying heavier load weight. Recommendations: A community-based education program should be put in place to raise farmers' knowledge about how to prevent and treat low back pain.
Key words: Disability, Farmers, Low Back Pain, Risk Factors.