Abstract: Food safety is an important part of public health that links health to agriculture and other food production sectors. For over a century, developments in food production and new control philosophies have contributed to food safety systems in most developed countries to be efficient in the prevention of food borne diseases. Seniors are at particular risk of food borne illnesses because of their weaken immune systems, decrease in stomach acidity and intestinal peristalsis, increase in the use of antibiotics and antacids drugs. The aim: The study aimed to assess the knowledge of the elderly people and their caregivers about food safety. The present study was carried out at Assiut city (urban) and Assiut district (rural) in Assiut governorate. Design: descriptive cross sectional research design. The subjects were 10% of the total number of the elderly people from every area was selected who aged 60 years and above and their caregivers involved in the study who available during the time of data collection. The total number of the studied subjects of the elderly was 720 (340 from urban and 380 from rural areas) and their caregivers (135 subjects). The results: The results revealed that (44.1%) of the urban and (52.1%) the rural elderly in addition to the majority of the urban caregivers (80%) and less than one fifth of the rural caregivers (17%) referred to the house wife as responsible for food safety, the majority of both the urban elderly (85.0%) and their caregivers (88.6%) and (62.4%) of the rural elderly and (69.0%) from their caregivers identify the presence of different diseases caused by contaminated food. Conclusion: the studied subjects from both the elderly and their caregivers had a lack of knowledge regarding the responsibility of food safety, the non-recommended food for the elderly, using of food engineering, pesticide residue elimination from the food.

Abstract: Background: Critical thinking and clinical judgment in nursing has been accentuated in response to the rapidly changing health care environment. Nurses must think critically and clinically judgment to provide quality of care and coping with the expansion in role associated with the complexities of current health care systems. Aim of the study: to assess critical thinking and clinical judgment skills for baccalaureate nursing students in EL-Minia University. Methodology: The study was developed within descriptive approach. Setting: The study was carried out at Faculty of Nursing in EL-Minia University. Subject: All Baccalaureate nursing students at Faculty of Nursing in EL-Minia University in the academic year 2010/2011 with total number (n=105). Tools of study: The study tools were two the first tool for critical thinking consisted of two parts 1st part related to socio demographic characteristics sheet &2ndpart was the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI), Second tool for clinical judgment. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between demographic characteristics (sex& residence) with critical thinking and clinical judgment items. Conclusions: The rate of urban and male student nurses were had high level in the total score of critical thinking. Moreover , rate of rural and female student nurses were had middle to high level in the total score of clinical judgment. Recommendations: Attending of nursing teachers a training program about how to identifying teaching strategies needed and how to use these strategies in effective ways for the development of critical thinking and clinical judgment skills for nursing students.

Abstract: Organizational commitment refers to the extent to which an employee identifies with an organization and is committed to its goals. This study aim was to assess a set of variables that predict organizational commitment of nursing staff members, and to investigate the relationships among organizational commitment, organizational trust, and job satisfaction. This correlational cross-sectional was carried out on a convenience sample of 150 nurses in a Minia University Hospital. A self-administered questionnaire was used with an organizational commitment, an organizational trust, and a job satisfaction scales. Their reliability was good (Cronbach alpha coefficients 0.818, 0.728, and 0.831, respectively. Data collection was from April to May 2009. All the relevant principles of ethics in research were followed. The results revealed that 77.3% of the nurses had high commitment, while the organizational trust and job satisfaction were low, 48.0% and 24.0%, respectively. Job commitment had weak positive statistically significant correlations with trust (r=0.338), and job satisfaction (r=0.223). Job commitment and trust had weak positive statistically significant correlations with experience years, r=0.335, and r=0.210, respectively. On multivariate analysis, the statistically significant independent predictors of the nurses' commitment were their scores of job satisfaction and trust, and their marital status. The study concludes that despite the low levels of job satisfaction and trust, nurses' organizational commitment is high; still job satisfaction and trust are independent positive predictors of commitment. However, the study limitation of possible over-reporting of commitment and dissatisfaction needs to be considered interpreting the findings.

Abstract: Clinical teaching behavior is a critical determinant for quality clinical learning experiences of student nurses. Therefore, hospital nurses play an important role in effective clinical teaching. The aims of the present study were to investigate effectiveness of hospital nurses' clinical teaching, and to analyze and explain the reasons for their teaching performance. To achieve these aims a descriptive research design was utilized. This study was carried out in Assiut University Hospitals in the following departments; Medical, Surgical, I.C.U, Psychiatric, Pediatric, and Gynecological & Obstetric departments; the study sample included all head and staff nurses 288 currently assigned to work in the selected units. Tool of the study: A questionnaire sheet is consisted of three parts: the first part: related to socio-demographic characteristics of the study sample. It included 5 questions related to age, gender, place of work, qualifications, and years of experience; the second part: included 15 statements developed by Gulen Addis & Ayisa Karadag (2003) to investigate effectiveness of hospital nurses' clinical teaching, which includes patient care, management, research, and teaching role. The third part: included two open ended questions ask about nurses' reasons for their performance in clinical teaching; and their recommendations for improved clinical teaching performance. The study results: the majority of study sample were staff nurses, females aged less than 30 years, having diploma degree, and have more than 5 years of experience, from surgical department. Reliability of the tool revealed that the tool is highly reliable (α = 0.92).The result denoted that there was statistically significant differences as regard to the four roles of nurses in clinical teaching (care, management, research, and teaching roles) P≤0.05. On the light of the present findings the researcher recommended that: Cooperation between faculty of nursing and university hospitals must be initiated (Preceptor), improved conditions to motivate better clinical teaching, and summer training for nursing students. The registered nurse that providing patient care is the most commonly encountered role model for the nursing student, it is vital that hospitals established effective methods that will fully prepared them to take on the responsibility of education in the future. Hospital nurses must have poses characteristics of good clinical teachers such as supportive, encouraging, resourceful, confident, helpful, friendly, available, and having the student's interests at heart.

Abstract Over the past several decades, the traditional superior- subordinate model for management has given way to more democratic approaches. A core concept for most of these new approaches to management is empowerment. `Empowerment is management practice of sharing information, rewards, and power with employees so that they can take initiative and make decisions to solve problems and improve service and performance. Aim: Is to study factors that promote empowerment among nurses at Main Assuit University Hospital. Subject and method: The research design a comparative descriptive design, study subject consisted of (237) staff nurses working at Main Assuit University Hospital. The data collected through self – administered questionnaire includes demographic data sheet and work empowerment promoting factors scale which developed by Shelton (2002).Results: There is significant difference among different departments regarding empowerment competence, empowerment self-determination and interactional justice. There were no statistically significant differences between all factors of empowerment with sex and levels of education among the studied nurses. The study concluded that empowerment meaning, competence, self determination and its' impact will promote nurses empowerment rather than procedural justice and international justice which present as regard to department, age, sex, level of education, years of experience. So, nurse managers must provide staff nurses by sources of job-related empowerment, namely access to opportunities, information, support and resources and nurses should be allowed to participate in decision making to empower them, as well as increasing their feeling of autonomy

Abstract Over the past several decades, the traditional superior- subordinate model for management has given way to more democratic approaches. A core concept for most of these new approaches to management is empowerment. `Empowerment is management practice of sharing information, rewards, and power with employees so that they can take initiative and make decisions to solve problems and improve service and performance. Aim: Is to study factors that promote empowerment among nurses at Main Assuit University Hospital. Subject and method: The research design a comparative descriptive design, study subject consisted of (237) staff nurses working at Main Assuit University Hospital. The data collected through self – administered questionnaire includes demographic data sheet and work empowerment promoting factors scale which developed by Shelton (2002).Results: There is significant difference among different departments regarding empowerment competence, empowerment self-determination and interactional justice. There were no statistically significant differences between all factors of empowerment with sex and levels of education among the studied nurses. The study concluded that empowerment meaning, competence, self determination and its' impact will promote nurses empowerment rather than procedural justice and international justice which present as regard to department, age, sex, level of education, years of experience. So, nurse managers must provide staff nurses by sources of job-related empowerment, namely access to opportunities, information, support and resources and nurses should be allowed to participate in decision making to empower them, as well as increasing their feeling of autonomy

Abstract Over the past several decades, the traditional superior- subordinate model for management has given way to more democratic approaches. A core concept for most of these new approaches to management is empowerment. `Empowerment is management practice of sharing information, rewards, and power with employees so that they can take initiative and make decisions to solve problems and improve service and performance. Aim: Is to study factors that promote empowerment among nurses at Main Assuit University Hospital. Subject and method: The research design a comparative descriptive design, study subject consisted of (237) staff nurses working at Main Assuit University Hospital. The data collected through self – administered questionnaire includes demographic data sheet and work empowerment promoting factors scale which developed by Shelton (2002).Results: There is significant difference among different departments regarding empowerment competence, empowerment self-determination and interactional justice. There were no statistically significant differences between all factors of empowerment with sex and levels of education among the studied nurses. The study concluded that empowerment meaning, competence, self determination and its' impact will promote nurses empowerment rather than procedural justice and international justice which present as regard to department, age, sex, level of education, years of experience. So, nurse managers must provide staff nurses by sources of job-related empowerment, namely access to opportunities, information, support and resources and nurses should be allowed to participate in decision making to empower them, as well as increasing their feeling of autonomy

ABSTRACT Personal hygiene is one of the most effective ways to protect ourselves and others from illness, Safety measures also include application of standard precautions, education and training for protection of health care workers. The aim of this study was to assess personal hygiene practices and safety measures of health care workers (HCWs) in all governmental, teaching, and non-teaching, Hospitals in Beni-Sweif Governorate. The study was conducted in Beni-Sweif University Hospital, Insurance Hospital, and Ministry of Health and Population Hospital in Beni Sweif Governorate using a descriptive design. It included all nurses (n = 421), physicians (n = 132), and housekeeping personnel (n = 73). Data collection tools were a structured interview questionnaire form and an observation checklist. The results revealed that, most nurses were females (91.0%), compared to 22.7% of the doctors. More than half of the doctors (53.0%) received the three full doses of HBV, compared to 41.8% of the nurses (p=0.024). Overall, 63.2% of the nurses had adequate practice in personal safety compared to 81.1% of the doctors (p0.001). The University Hospital nurses had the highest performance in personal safety (79.5%), while the Insurance Hospital had the lowest (42.5%), (p=0.001). The workers' had highest performance with gloving and personal hygiene, and lowest in personal protection measures. The study recommended implementation of a healthcare workers' vaccination program which must be mandatory with provision of all needed equipment and supplies for infection control. Continuing and in-service training programs are needed to improve skills of personal hygiene and safety measures especially for nurses. Workers need training in the use of personal protective equipment, which should be made available to them.

ABSTRACT Personal hygiene is one of the most effective ways to protect ourselves and others from illness, Safety measures also include application of standard precautions, education and training for protection of health care workers. The aim of this study was to assess personal hygiene practices and safety measures of health care workers (HCWs) in all governmental, teaching, and non-teaching, Hospitals in Beni-Sweif Governorate. The study was conducted in Beni-Sweif University Hospital, Insurance Hospital, and Ministry of Health and Population Hospital in Beni Sweif Governorate using a descriptive design. It included all nurses (n = 421), physicians (n = 132), and housekeeping personnel (n = 73). Data collection tools were a structured interview questionnaire form and an observation checklist. The results revealed that, most nurses were females (91.0%), compared to 22.7% of the doctors. More than half of the doctors (53.0%) received the three full doses of HBV, compared to 41.8% of the nurses (p=0.024). Overall, 63.2% of the nurses had adequate practice in personal safety compared to 81.1% of the doctors (p0.001). The University Hospital nurses had the highest performance in personal safety (79.5%), while the Insurance Hospital had the lowest (42.5%), (p=0.001). The workers' had highest performance with gloving and personal hygiene, and lowest in personal protection measures. The study recommended implementation of a healthcare workers' vaccination program which must be mandatory with provision of all needed equipment and supplies for infection control. Continuing and in-service training programs are needed to improve skills of personal hygiene and safety measures especially for nurses. Workers need training in the use of personal protective equipment, which should be made available to them.

ABSTRACT Personal hygiene is one of the most effective ways to protect ourselves and others from illness, Safety measures also include application of standard precautions, education and training for protection of health care workers. The aim of this study was to assess personal hygiene practices and safety measures of health care workers (HCWs) in all governmental, teaching, and non-teaching, Hospitals in Beni-Sweif Governorate. The study was conducted in Beni-Sweif University Hospital, Insurance Hospital, and Ministry of Health and Population Hospital in Beni Sweif Governorate using a descriptive design. It included all nurses (n = 421), physicians (n = 132), and housekeeping personnel (n = 73). Data collection tools were a structured interview questionnaire form and an observation checklist. The results revealed that, most nurses were females (91.0%), compared to 22.7% of the doctors. More than half of the doctors (53.0%) received the three full doses of HBV, compared to 41.8% of the nurses (p=0.024). Overall, 63.2% of the nurses had adequate practice in personal safety compared to 81.1% of the doctors (p0.001). The University Hospital nurses had the highest performance in personal safety (79.5%), while the Insurance Hospital had the lowest (42.5%), (p=0.001). The workers' had highest performance with gloving and personal hygiene, and lowest in personal protection measures. The study recommended implementation of a healthcare workers' vaccination program which must be mandatory with provision of all needed equipment and supplies for infection control. Continuing and in-service training programs are needed to improve skills of personal hygiene and safety measures especially for nurses. Workers need training in the use of personal protective equipment, which should be made available to them.