This paper studies the influence of the load type on the fault performance of the standalone Micro Grid (MG). Different load types (static and dynamic) are considered to show their effects on the standalone MG fault behavior. Specifically, the effects of constant power static loads, constant impedance static loads, and constant current static loads are analyzed. Also, effects of dynamic (rotating) loads are highlighted. Results show, that the rotating loads have dominant effects on the fault performance of the MG during the standalone (islanded) mode. Furthermore, rotating loads cause fault currents and touch voltages three times the values associated with the static loads. Consequently, the employed protective devices with the rotating loads MG must be rated three times larger than the employed protective devices with the static loads MG. Also, the time settings of the MG protection devices are highly influenced with the load type. For static load MG, it is equal to 250% of the rotating loads MG protection devices time settings. The three types of static load show different impacts on islanded MG fault performance. Constant power static load has the highest effect compared to the other two static load types (namely, constant impedance and constant current static loads). The results obtained in this study provide a guide for the MG protection designers and planners to consider the effects of load type on the MG protection devices rating and setting.

This paper proposes two controllers for employing part of variable speed wind generation systems kinetic energy in supporting the standalone MG frequency. The first controller acts similar to the frequency droop control, while the second controller emulates both the inertia response and the frequency droop control simultaneously. The MG frequency dropped only to 49.9 Hz with employing the proposed controllers compared with 49.68 Hz without employing the proposed controllers. Also, the injected active power from the storage device dropped from 20 kW to only 3 kW after employing the proposed controllers. In addition, the reactive power capability of the Double Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind generation system has been employed to maintain the standalone MG bus voltage at acceptable level. If there are fixed speed wind generation systems in the standalone MG, this paper proposed using the pitch angle controller to employ a suitable wind turbine power reserve in MG frequency supporting during the standalone mode. Results proved the effectiveness of the proposed controllers in improvement the MG overall performance during and subsequent the islanding occurrence.

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Abstract: This paper concerns with enhancing Micro Energy Grid (MEG) performance by Novel Developed Flexible AC Transmission System (D-FACTS) based on the integration of Genetics algorithm (GA) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The design and development of MEG, with hardware demonstration, is developed at the Energy Safety and Control Laboratory (ESCL), University of Ontario Institute of Technology. The hardware/software based system includes implementation of control strategies for Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and programmable loads in a laboratory scale; and the appropriate software was developed to monitor all MEG parameters and to control the various components. The interconnection of renewable energy sources, such as wind power, solar PV and others, are implemented, studied and integrated into this MEG. Furthermore, gas based DERs operate as Combined Heat and Power (CHP) to supply both thermal and electrical loads. The design, development, and hardware setup of this MEG has been presented in a planning stage and an operational stage. Firstly, the planning stage optimizes the size and type of DERs for minimum cost and emissions. Then, in the operational stage, there will be the evaluation of the dynamic response to fine tuning the dynamic response. So a novel D-FACTS device, Green Plug-Energy Economizer (GP-EE) with two DC/AC schemes, is proposed and integrated into this MEG. The integrated GA with ANFIS has been applied to control the settings of GP-EE to fine-tune the system dynamic response. The proposed controller ensures the adaptation of the global control error of dynamic tri-loop regulation for GP-EE. The proposed control strategy leads to get full MEG utilization by increasing the energy efficiency and reliability. Power factor improvement, bus voltage stabilizing, feeder loss minimization and power quality enhancement are realized and achieved. Hardware demonstration with digital simulations have been used to validate the results to show the effectiveness and the improved performance.

This paper describes the wireless sensor networks, which is widely used in the last few decades. The hardware architecture of sensor node as a construction unit for WSN is illustrated with sensor applications. The localization process and its challenges are mentioned. A comparison between algorithms and techniques for sensor localization is presented. The factors that affect design issues including different topologies, mobility matter of sensor nodes, security issues, and finally future work and new trends for wireless sensor network localization.

This paper describes the wireless sensor networks, which is widely used in the last few decades. The hardware architecture of sensor node as a construction unit for WSN is illustrated with sensor applications. The localization process and its challenges are mentioned. A comparison between algorithms and techniques for sensor localization is presented. The factors that affect design issues including different topologies, mobility matter of sensor nodes, security issues, and finally future work and new trends for wireless sensor network localization.

This paper describes the wireless sensor networks, which is widely used in the last few decades. The hardware architecture of sensor node as a construction unit for WSN is illustrated with sensor applications. The localization process and its challenges are mentioned. A comparison between algorithms and techniques for sensor localization is presented. The factors that affect design issues including different topologies, mobility matter of sensor nodes, security issues, and finally future work and new trends for wireless sensor network localization.

The problem of noise pollution is evaluated in Assuit Cement Company (CEMEX). The study is conducted in the limestone quarry and cement plant. Noise levels is predicted using the prediction model. Also, noise levels were calculated based on the machine data. Measurements were carried out using Bruel & Kjaer, sound level meter Type 2230 at different distances from the noise sources. The study proved that, (a) the highest noise levels in Assiut Limestone Quarry is generated from Hydraulic Hammer (102.22 dBA) and crushing operations (100.1 dBA) these levels are greater than the standard values; and the lowest noise levels are the Belt drive (63.71 dBA) and the Belt conveyor (61.40 dBA), (b) the workers’ camp in Assiut Limestone Quarry is subjected to a noise level of (63.71 dBA) which is greater than the acceptable levels, (c) the management building in the quarry is subjected to a noise level of (69.17 dBA) higher than the acceptable limit. (d) the safe distance from the quarry found to be 1250 m. (e) the management buildings in the plant are protected from high levels. (f) the predicted noise levels can be used to evaluate the noise problem in the planning stage of new projects, in order to keep the working and ambient environment safe.

The problem of noise pollution is evaluated in Assuit Cement Company (CEMEX). The study is conducted in the limestone quarry and cement plant. Noise levels is predicted using the prediction model. Also, noise levels were calculated based on the machine data. Measurements were carried out using Bruel & Kjaer, sound level meter Type 2230 at different distances from the noise sources. The study proved that, (a) the highest noise levels in Assiut Limestone Quarry is generated from Hydraulic Hammer (102.22 dBA) and crushing operations (100.1 dBA) these levels are greater than the standard values; and the lowest noise levels are the Belt drive (63.71 dBA) and the Belt conveyor (61.40 dBA), (b) the workers’ camp in Assiut Limestone Quarry is subjected to a noise level of (63.71 dBA) which is greater than the acceptable levels, (c) the management building in the quarry is subjected to a noise level of (69.17 dBA) higher than the acceptable limit. (d) the safe distance from the quarry found to be 1250 m. (e) the management buildings in the plant are protected from high levels. (f) the predicted noise levels can be used to evaluate the noise problem in the planning stage of new projects, in order to keep the working and ambient environment safe.

Noise Levels (NL) in mining and industrial plants were investigated at three mining and industrial plants, namely: Assiut Cement plant, Assiut Cement Quarry and El-Gedida mine, using SL-130 and Bruel & Kjaer, Type 1625 sound level meters at the selected points away from the sources. Numerical prediction models for noise level; ISO and VDI were applied. The differences between the measured values and the predicted ones using these models were compared in order to evaluate the accuracy of these models. The results of the field measurements at the three areas showed good agreement with the results of the noise prediction models. The results obtained indicated that; (a) the sound pressure levels were higher than the acceptable level at El-Gedida mine and lower than that at the other two areas, and (b) the measured noise levels at the management building and the workshop area in El-Gedida mine were higher than the acceptable level for the administration areas. Therefore, control measures are required in these projects to keep the environment safe.