n recent years, urban flooding turns up frequently in Chinese cities, which causes lots of economic and environmental losses. As a significant element of sponge city which is proposed to deal with the issue, permeable pavements are paid great attention to and applied growingly due to their ability of mitigating the damage of urban flooding and other environmental benefits. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a newly developed evaluation approach that can be applied to estimate the environmental impact of pervious pavements through the entire life cycle. Many models have been used to evaluate the effect of pavement characteristics in the environment. Moreover, use-phase models for urban heat island effect, rolling resistance and so on were proposed and developed while use-phase models for permeability have been still missing. This study provides a primary model which can be applied to both permeable asphalt pavements and permeable concrete pavements to quantify the environmental effects of permeability of these permeable pavements. The environmental impacts are estimated from three factors using statistical data from literature, namely urban flooding, water recycling and water purification. Then a comparison between permeable asphalt pavement and dense-graded asphalt pavement is conducted using the model developed. Results indicate that 49TJ of energy consumption, 6700t of equivalent carbon dioxide emissions, 0.1 t of lead emissions and 1t of zinc emissions are avoided because of the application of permeable pavements for 10km asphalt pavement. Moreover, 73.48% reduction of energy

In recent years, urban flooding has occurred frequently in different cities in China. This has caused huge economic and environmental damages. As one of the main elements in the concept of sponge city – a potential solution to this problem – permeable pavements have attracted great attentions. This new technology has the ability to mitigate urban flooding effectively and it also provides other environmental benefits. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a newly developed evaluation approach that can be applied to estimate the environmental impacts of pervious pavements in the entire life cycle. This study propose a basic model which can be applied to both permeable asphalt pavements and permeable concrete pavements to evaluate their environmental impacts. The impacts of this technology are investigated on urban flooding, water recycling and

At present there is a two-ways energy flow in electric distribution grids due to the growth of distributed energy resources (DER) and new customer devices. So, there is growing interest in full observation tools for grid control, protection, etc. Micro Phasor Measurement Unit (µPMU) measures highly accurate time-synchronized samples of current and voltage calculating their corresponding phasors and online transmits the calculating phasors to a phasor data concentrator (PDC). Two algorithms are proposed in this paper. The first algorithm is a new µPMUs full observation algorithm for an unbalanced radial distribution grid with optimum numbers of µPMUs. This algorithm helps in building an observation system of the unbalance distribution grid from the medium voltage (MV) to the low voltage (LV) level. This algorithm includes the effect of mutual inductance and mutual capacitance of MV cables. The second algorithm is a backward/forward sweep unbalanced power flow (UBPF) algorithm for the radial distribution grid in which outputs are compared with electrical power system analysis (ETAP) software outputs for testing the algorithm accuracy. A simulated testing process is applied to check the accuracy of the µPMUs full observation algorithm. By this process, the output phasors measured by μPMU is simulated from backward/forward sweep UBPF outputs in specified buses where μPMU installed and the μPMU full observation algorithm outputs are compared with backward/forward sweep UBPF outputs. The simulated testing process shows the high accuracy of the µPMUs full observation algorithm.

At present there is a two-ways energy flow in electric distribution grids due to the growth of distributed energy resources (DER) and new customer devices. So, there is growing interest in full observation tools for grid control, protection, etc. Micro Phasor Measurement Unit (µPMU) measures highly accurate time-synchronized samples of current and voltage calculating their corresponding phasors and online transmits the calculating phasors to a phasor data concentrator (PDC). Two algorithms are proposed in this paper. The first algorithm is a new µPMUs full observation algorithm for an unbalanced radial distribution grid with optimum numbers of µPMUs. This algorithm helps in building an observation system of the unbalance distribution grid from the medium voltage (MV) to the low voltage (LV) level. This algorithm includes the effect of mutual inductance and mutual capacitance of MV cables. The second algorithm is a backward/forward sweep unbalanced power flow (UBPF) algorithm for the radial distribution grid in which outputs are compared with electrical power system analysis (ETAP) software outputs for testing the algorithm accuracy. A simulated testing process is applied to check the accuracy of the µPMUs full observation algorithm. By this process, the output phasors measured by μPMU is simulated from backward/forward sweep UBPF outputs in specified buses where μPMU installed and the μPMU full observation algorithm outputs are compared with backward/forward sweep UBPF outputs. The simulated testing process shows the high accuracy of the µPMUs full observation algorithm.

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In recent years, the use of active control mechanisms in active suspension systems has attracted considerable attention. The main objective of this research is to develop a mathematical model of an active suspension system that is subjected to excitation from different road profiles and control it using H∞ technique for a quarter car model to improve the ride comfort and road handling. Comparison between passive and active suspension systems is performed using step, sinusoidal and random road profiles. The performance of the H∞ controller is compared with the passive suspension system. It is found that the car body acceleration, suspension deflection and tyre deflection using active suspension system with H∞ technique is better than the passive suspension system

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