Eight Egyptian floor wheat cultivars, Triticum aestivum L., were assessed to determine their appropriate level of resistance by Rhyzopertha dominica F.and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val under lab conditions. Free choice test for attraction insect adults was used in the first experiment at time interval from 0.25 to 5 days post infestation. Comparing the attractions after 5 days, the data showed that the lowest attracted numbers of R. dominica adults was recorded 8.94 and the highest numbers was counted 15.61 at SAKL1, SIDS1 cultivars, respectively. The cultivars can be descending order with the attracted number of R. dominica as the following: SAKL8 DEBEIRA BACANORA SAKL1 GIZA164 SIDS6 SIDS1.The descending order could be the similar for T. confusum. Statistically there are significant differences between the numbers the four cultivars that have the lowest attracted adults than the rest cultivars. In the second experiment to every cultivar two pair of test adult insect was reared on cultivar. The number of F1 and duration of offspring to every stage were determined. Based on the Dobie Index (D.I.) for R. dominica, SAKL8, DEBEIRA, BACANORA and SAKL1 were showed resistant cultivars. While the SIDS1 and SIDS6 cultivars have moderately resistant. For T. confusum all cultivars showed resistant except SAKL8 SIDS1. They showed moderately resistant. BACANORA cultivar was showed the lowest D.I. value in two tested insects. These results involve that storied grain managers should be a familiar with prospective differences in wheat susceptibility to R. dominica and T. confusum.

Cotton leafworm is one of the most important insect pests infesting different varieties of vegetable as well as field crops. Non-conventional insecticides are the promised and used as the alternative agents of traditional pesticides especially in the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. Under laboratory conditions six of these agents plus the carbamate insecticide; methomyl ; were tested against the 48 hours aged eggs as well as the 2nd instar larvae of the cotton leaf worm using both dipping and feeding bioassay techniques, respectively. Based on the LC50 values, emamectin benzoate showed the most effective insecticide as ovicidal and larvicidal action, while jojoba oil showed the least efficient one. The toxicity of the tested compounds could be descendingly arranged as ovicidal action as follows: emamectin benzoate > azadirachtin > methomyl > spinetoram > spinosad > abamectin> jojoba oil. Whereas, the trend of these agents as larvicidal action was emamectin benzoate>methomyl > spinetoram > abamectin >spinosad > azadirachtin > jojoba oil. Emamctin benzoate and azadirachtin have more ovicidal potent effect than spinetoram by 12, 2 fold respectively. Also, the toxic effect of emamectin benzoate against 2nd instar larvae of S. littoralis was 31 and 258 folds as toxic as the toxicity of methomyl and spinetoram, respectively. Azadirachtin exhibited a moderate lavicidal effect, where the LC50 value was 395.67 ppm. Based on the present data, it can be suggested that emamectin benzoate and azadirachtin having good candidate agents as ovicidal pesticides. Moreover, the former was the best candidate as lavicidal pesticides. Also, those agents could be involved in integrated cotton leaf worm program.

Cinnamic acid (CA) was added to rice bran oil (RBO) at concentrations range from 2 to 12% (w/w) to prepare functional fat-like organogel. The oil binding capacity and gel formation time of the obtained organogels were determined. The results showed that the oil binding capacity was increased and the gel formation time was significantly (p 0.05) decreased with the increase in concentration of CA up to 10% (w/w). Based on these results, organogels prepared from RBO with 6, 8, and 10% CA (w/w) were chosen and subjected to further characterization analyses. The microscopy analysis showed different gel network structures and crystalline behavior for the organogels prepared with varying concentrations of CA. The rheological and thermal properties of the organogel were improved with the increase in CA concentration up to 10% (w/w). The X-ray diffractometer and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy analyses indicated that the gel network formed based on crystalline of CA and physical entanglements among the organogel components. In addition, the organogel of RBO with 10% CA (w/w) showed a uniform and homogenized structure during storage at 5 °C for 28 days compared to the organogels prepared with 6 and 8%. Therefore, it can be suggested that cinnamic acid is a good organogelator for preparing functional fat-like organogel from rice bran oil.

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