Abstract Temperature is a main ecological factor affect the bioinsecticides toxicity on the destructive larval stage of the cotton leafworm (CLW). The effect of post-exposure temperatures from 13 to 39 °C on the toxicities of two spinosyns (spinosad and spinetoram) and two avermectins(abamectin and emamectin benzoate) toward Spodoptera littoralis (BoisduVal) larvae was evaluated using topical and feeding bioassays. Spinosad and spinetoram showed negative temperature coefficient against CLW larvae. The LC50 values of spinosad and spinetoram decreased by 70.21 and 37.45 folds when temperature increased from 13 to 39◦C. the two compounds showed negative temperature coefficient values (-1.71; - 9.92) in the feeding bioassay. On contrast, in feeding application abamectin and emamectin benzoate showed high positive temperature coefficient 27.79 and 194.50 when temperature increased from 19 to 39◦C.The present results as certain the effect of temperature on the pesticides toxicity. So, spinosyins should be applied in cold weather, whereas, abamectin and emamectin benzoate performed well in relative high temperature.

Faba bean is an important grain legume crop that provides nitrogen input into temperate agriculture systems. Breeding for improving winter hardiness and frost tolerance of winter faba bean is currently needed. The main objectives of this study were to examine the winter hardiness and effect of sowing dates (20th October and 20th November of 2012) in a set of 20 genotypes (10 tolerant and 10 susceptible), selected from artificial frost stress experiments, under field conditions and to test the genetic diversity and validate some SNP associated with frost tolerance in the elite genotypes. The genotypes were selected, based on their regrowth after frost (REG, frost tolerance), from 189 winter faba bean genotypes evaluated in Frost Growth Chamber (FGCh). Two winter hardiness traits (winter survival rate and leaf frost susceptibility) and four yield traits (plant height, the number of pods, 100-seed weight, and days to maturity) were scored in this study. All frost-tolerant genotypes showed higher winter survival rate (85%) than the frost-susceptible group (67%) in the first sowing date, while, all genotypes survived in the second sowing date.. The effect of sowing date was not significant for only 100-seed weight. The genetic distance (GD) between genotypes was calculated using 189 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs). The GD ranged from 0.59 to 0.89, indicating that a high genetic diversity resided among genotypes. The results suggest that the first sowing date is better for high agronomic features, and selection should be performed to increase winter hardiness in winter faba bean genotypes. Among all SNPs tested in this study, one SNP was validated and found to be associated with increased winter survival rate and decreased leaf frost susceptibility.

Aphids are very serious pest in greenhouses and field in many countries. The toxicity of two insecticides with different mode of action and three petroleum ether plant extracts were tested against two aphid species; Brevicoryne brassicae L, and Aphis craccivora koch in the laboratory using leaf-dip bioassay. The toxicity index showed that the carbamate insecticide, primicarb has the highest aphicidal activity. Based on the LC50 values, primicarb was the most toxic compound with LC50S of 0.12 and 0.26 mg/L against B. brassicae and A. craccivora, respectively. Imidacloprid was the least toxic compound against B. brassicae with LC50 of 2.14 mg/L. Against A. craccivora, henbane extract was the least toxic compound (LC50=19.7 mg/L.). The results indicated that field efficiency of primicarb and imidacloprid were compatible with the laboratory results. However, plant extracts showed opposite results under field conditions.

Emamectin benzoate and spinetoram are two important and promising new insecticides in caterpillar lepidoptera larvae/larvae control. The toxicity of these compounds against larvae of cotton leafworm (CLW), Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) was compared using topical application and feeding techniques. The persistence/residual efficacy under field conditions was also investigated. Based on the LD50 values against 4th instar larvae, emamectin benzoate proved to be better than spinetoram by 31516 fold. The LD50 values of emamectin benzoate, cypermethrin, methomyl, chlorpyrifos, pyriproxyfen, profenofos, chlorpyrifosmethyl, abamectin, spinetoram, spinosad and imidacloprid were 0.0019, 0.0039, 0.03, 1.62, 3.13, 3.38, 4.00, 9.38, 59.88, 558.25 and 37384.38 µg a.i/ g larvae, respectively. The 3rd instar larvae showed higher susceptibility toward emamectin benzoate than spinetoram by 1551 and 41 times after 2 days post-treatment using cotton and castor bean, respectively. Two days post- treatment, the persistence of emamectin benzoate decreased gradually and significantly. After spraying cotton, the mortality percentages were 98.00, 70.00, 36.67 and 0.00 % after 0, 3, 6 and 10 days, respectively. However, the mortality % of this insecticide in castor was 91.11, 93.33 and 0.00 % after 0, 3 and 6 days respectively. In spinetoram, these percentages in cotton and castor were 96.67, 3.33, 3.33 and 0.00, 2.86, 0.00 after 0, 3 and 6 days. Our investigation recommended that emamectin benzoate is one of the best bio-insecticides in controlling CLW larvae infestations in cotton fields.

owadays the worldwide use of bumblebees as pollinator of several horticultural crops has resulted that they fulfil both an ecological and economical role. Consequently, exposure to pesticides is not unlikely. In general naturalyte insecticides as spinosyns are a major widely applied class because they are more selective than conventional pesticides, however, toxicity of spinosyns A and D (spinosad) has been reported on honeybees and bumblebees. In the field bumblebees can be exposed to pesticides by contact and by the consumption of contaminated food. In this project we assessed the potential hazards of a novel naturalyte insecticide spinetoram consisting of spinosyn J and L. Three different experiments were conducted in the laboratory wherein workers of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris were exposed to different concentrations starting form the maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC) and then different dilutions (1/10-1/10,000). First, via direct contact with wet and dry residues of spinetoram severe worker loss was observed; the respective LC50-72h values were 50 μg/l and 21 μg/l. Typically, intoxicated bees showed symptoms of tremors and paralysis. Second, oral exposure via contaminated sugar water in micro-colonies demonstrated that the MFRC caused 100% worker loss after 4 weeks, whereas this was only 54% with 1/10 of the MFRC after 11 weeks. For worker mortality the calculated acute (72 h) and chronic (11 weeks) LC50 values were 21 μg/l and 2.5 μg/l, respectively. At 1/100 of the MFRC no lethal effects were observed. Next to lethal effects, sublethal effects were evaluated. In the nests exposed to the MFRC and to 1/10 of the MFRC the numbers of drones produced were significantly (P0.05) reduced when compared with the control group (57  4 drones). However at lower concentrations starting at 1/100 of the MFRC no sublethal effects were seen on the reproduction. Third, we assessed for potential sublethal effects by spinetoram (1/100-1/10,000 of the MFRC) towards foraging behaviour. Here we used the bioassay as developed to assess foraging effects by neonicotinoids (Mommaerts et al., 2010). Here no change in the behaviour of the workers was seen. In conclusion, the highest concentrations of spinetoram (MFRC and 1/10 of the MFRC) caused lethal mortality of exposed workers and this resulted in a loss of progeny. But when compared with spinosad, spinetoram is safer. Interestingly, no negative effects towards foraging behaviour were scored in the laboratory foraging bioassay. However, before making final conclusions about the compatibility of this compound with B. terrestris side-effects should be evaluated under more realistic field conditions with queen-right colonies.

The quantity and quality of grapevine fruit is very important to local and export productions. Black vine thrips (BVT), Retithrips syriacus (Mayet) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) injured the leaves from seedling to the blooming fall. Insecticides are the main strategy to grapevine insect control. There is a little information about the susceptibility of BVT to insecticides. This study carried out to test the potency and residual activity of six insecticides with different mode of action under laboratory and field conditions. The LC50 values for leaf dip after 24 hours with the insecticides were different. The emamectin benzoate was the most toxic against nymphs, and teflubenzuron was the least one, LC50s value decreased significantly after 48, 72 hours post treatments. For teflubenzuron, the LC50 values recorded were 11900, 7.05, 2.58 µg a.i./ ml after 24, 48 and 72 hours from treatment respectively. Based on the laboratory potency ratios, emamectin benzoate , malathion, and mineral oil showed higher effect against nymphs than adults by 3.11, 1.79, 1.18 folds, after 24 hours, being 1.63, 12.73 folds for emamectin benzoate, and teflubenzuron after 48 hours, and 1.68 for teflubenzuron after 72 hours. King Roby grapevine variety showed the most significant susceptibility to thrips infestation, while the Flaim was the most tolerant one. Emamectin benzoate was the highest in reduction ratios of nymphs thrips, where 92.30, 93.19 and 93.83% reduction at Flaim, Banaty, and King Roby varieties respectively. These results could be used in integrated pest management (IPM) programs for thrips control in grapevine.

The quantity and quality of grapevine fruit is very important to local and export productions. Black vine thrips (BVT), Retithrips syriacus (Mayet) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) injured the leaves from seedling to the blooming fall. Insecticides are the main strategy to grapevine insect control. There is a little information about the susceptibility of BVT to insecticides. This study carried out to test the potency and residual activity of six insecticides with different mode of action under laboratory and field conditions. The LC50 values for leaf dip after 24 hours with the insecticides were different. The emamectin benzoate was the most toxic against nymphs, and teflubenzuron was the least one, LC50s value decreased significantly after 48, 72 hours post treatments. For teflubenzuron, the LC50 values recorded were 11900, 7.05, 2.58 µg a.i./ ml after 24, 48 and 72 hours from treatment respectively. Based on the laboratory potency ratios, emamectin benzoate , malathion, and mineral oil showed higher effect against nymphs than adults by 3.11, 1.79, 1.18 folds, after 24 hours, being 1.63, 12.73 folds for emamectin benzoate, and teflubenzuron after 48 hours, and 1.68 for teflubenzuron after 72 hours. King Roby grapevine variety showed the most significant susceptibility to thrips infestation, while the Flaim was the most tolerant one. Emamectin benzoate was the highest in reduction ratios of nymphs thrips, where 92.30, 93.19 and 93.83% reduction at Flaim, Banaty, and King Roby varieties respectively. These results could be used in integrated pest management (IPM) programs for thrips control in grapevine.

Several pesticides from neonicotinoid and spinosyn groups were recently introduced for controlling several insect pests in Egypt. Plant materials contain numerous powerful insecticidal components; these are a promised alternative safe candidate to harmful synthetic insecticides. The neonicotinoids (thiamethoxam, acetamiprid), spinetoram, and botanical extracts (sausage, rosemary, canola) toxicity was tested toward apterous aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) as well as mommies and parasitoid adults, Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) under controlled laboratory conditions using leaf dip and dry residue film of Potter Tower. The carboxylestrases activities of the two insect species adults were also determined using α-naphthyl acetate (α-NA) by colorimetric technique. Spinetoram revealed aphicidal activity similar to the tested neonicotinoids against cabbage aphid. The insecticides as well as extracts except rosemary were more toxic against mommies than aphids after 24 hrs from dipping exposure. Seven days later, the insecticides and sausage extract treatments were less toxic to parasitoid that emerged from treated mommies compared to aphids. The insecticide and extract treatments except sausage treatments were less toxic in parasitoid adults using dry contact residue film compared to aphids. The caboxylestrase enzymes showed lower affinity in aphids than in parasitoids by 11.66 folds. On contrary, the maximal activity (Vmax) was higher in the aphids than the parasitoid by 2.57 folds. To sum up, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, spinetoram, sausage extract, and canola extract were higher toxic to parasitoid mommies than aphids after 24 hrs from dipping exposure; these effects were not recognized in the emerged parasitoid adults. The insecticides as well as extracts were less toxic to the parasitoids than aphids using dry residue film. The caboxylestrases should be considered as one limited factor for the selectivity of tested compounds in aphid and their parasitoid.

Eight Egyptian floor wheat cultivars, Triticum aestivum L., were assessed to determine their appropriate level of resistance by Rhyzopertha dominica F.and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val under lab conditions. Free choice test for attraction insect adults was used in the first experiment at time interval from 0.25 to 5 days post infestation. Comparing the attractions after 5 days, the data showed that the lowest attracted numbers of R. dominica adults was recorded 8.94 and the highest numbers was counted 15.61 at SAKL1, SIDS1 cultivars, respectively. The cultivars can be descending order with the attracted number of R. dominica as the following: SAKL8 DEBEIRA BACANORA SAKL1 GIZA164 SIDS6 SIDS1.The descending order could be the similar for T. confusum. Statistically there are significant differences between the numbers the four cultivars that have the lowest attracted adults than the rest cultivars. In the second experiment to every cultivar two pair of test adult insect was reared on cultivar. The number of F1 and duration of offspring to every stage were determined. Based on the Dobie Index (D.I.) for R. dominica, SAKL8, DEBEIRA, BACANORA and SAKL1 were showed resistant cultivars. While the SIDS1 and SIDS6 cultivars have moderately resistant. For T. confusum all cultivars showed resistant except SAKL8 SIDS1. They showed moderately resistant. BACANORA cultivar was showed the lowest D.I. value in two tested insects. These results involve that storied grain managers should be a familiar with prospective differences in wheat susceptibility to R. dominica and T. confusum.

Eight Egyptian floor wheat cultivars, Triticum aestivum L., were assessed to determine their appropriate level of resistance by Rhyzopertha dominica F.and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val under lab conditions. Free choice test for attraction insect adults was used in the first experiment at time interval from 0.25 to 5 days post infestation. Comparing the attractions after 5 days, the data showed that the lowest attracted numbers of R. dominica adults was recorded 8.94 and the highest numbers was counted 15.61 at SAKL1, SIDS1 cultivars, respectively. The cultivars can be descending order with the attracted number of R. dominica as the following: SAKL8 DEBEIRA BACANORA SAKL1 GIZA164 SIDS6 SIDS1.The descending order could be the similar for T. confusum. Statistically there are significant differences between the numbers the four cultivars that have the lowest attracted adults than the rest cultivars. In the second experiment to every cultivar two pair of test adult insect was reared on cultivar. The number of F1 and duration of offspring to every stage were determined. Based on the Dobie Index (D.I.) for R. dominica, SAKL8, DEBEIRA, BACANORA and SAKL1 were showed resistant cultivars. While the SIDS1 and SIDS6 cultivars have moderately resistant. For T. confusum all cultivars showed resistant except SAKL8 SIDS1. They showed moderately resistant. BACANORA cultivar was showed the lowest D.I. value in two tested insects. These results involve that storied grain managers should be a familiar with prospective differences in wheat susceptibility to R. dominica and T. confusum.