In fish, the spleen is the prime secondary lymphoid organ. It has a role in the induction of
adaptive immune responses, in addition to its significance in the elimination of immune complexes.
This study was conducted on 18 randomly obtained adult molly fish (Poecilia sphenops) of both
sexes using histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural studies to highlight the cellular
components of the spleen and their potential role in the immune system. The spleen of molly fish was
characterized by the presence of well-distinct melanomacrophage centers, and other basic structures
present in higher vertebrates including red and white pulps, blood vessels, and ellipsoids. Some
mitotic cells could also be identified in the red pulp. Mast cells with characteristic metachromatic
granules could be seen among the splenic cells. Rodlet cells were randomly distributed in the spleen
and were also observed around the ellipsoids. The white pulp of the spleen expressed APG5. The
expressions were well distinct in the melanomacrophages, leukocytes, and macrophages. Myostatin
was expressed in leukocytes and epithelial reticular cells. IL-1 showed immunoreactivity in monocytes
and macrophages around the ellipsoids. NF-B and TGF- were expressed in macrophages
and epithelial reticular cells. Nrf2 expression was detected in stem cells and rodlet cells. Sox-9 had a
higher expression in epithelial reticular cells and stem cells. The high frequency of immune cells in
the spleen confirmed its role in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immunity, cell proliferation,
and apoptosis.

This study aimed to detection of the efficacy of some drugs used in the field for treatment of liver fluke infection in the cattle (Bos taurus) in Egypt. Treatment trials used for three groups of naturally infected animals (positive by coprological examination) with some anthelmintic drugs differ in their chemical groups (Ivomec super, Rafoxanide, and Triclabendazole) divided into three groups 10 animals in each one. The dose was repeated twice with 3 weeks in between. Animals were examined clinically and laboratory; also fecal samples were collected and examined microscopically each time for follow-up. Egg counting using (Modified Stoll's dilution technique) was done 3 times in each group (day 1, after 3 weeks post-treatment, 6 weeks post-treatment). The efficacy of the drug is measured by improved clinical state or reduction/ disappearance of Fasciola egg count. In group I (treated by Ivomec super): Egg per gram (EPG) before treatment was 800 egg/ gram and after treatment was 1280 egg/gram, Egg reduction rate (ERR) of Ivomec super was %-60. In group II (treated by Triclabendazole): EPG before treatment was 500 egg/ gram and after treatment was 80 egg/ gram, ERR of Triclabendazole was 84%. In group III (treated by Rafoxanide): EPG before treatment was 480 egg/ gram and after treatment was 160 egg/ gram, ERR of Rafoxanide was 66.6%. The anthelmintic drug wasn’t effective in the treatment of Fascioliasis as no progress in the clinical status of the infected animals and the ERR was less than 90%. Our study concluded that the ERR (egg reduction rate) of used anthelmintic drugs (Ivomec super, Triclabendazole, Rafoxanide) was less than the lower limit of the effective fasciolicides drug and the drugs wasn’t effective in treatment of fascioliasis

The present study was performed in Dammam city in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia within the period from July 2019 to June 2020 to associate the epidemiological prevalence of trichostrongyle infection in sheep in different age groups, sex and seasons. A total of 400 sheep were examined randomly from different private farms, and faecal examination through direct smear and flotation techniques were done to determine the presence of the eggs. Out of these, 104 animals were infected with strongyle eggs with (26%) prevalence. Sex, season, and age were the factors that affect the prevalence of trichostrongyle infection in this study. Data analysis reported that there was a significant effect for the season and sex on the trichostrongyle infection level; the highest nematode infection level was observed in the cold months (December-April) with a prevalence of 36.44% and lowest prevalence (15.17%) in hot months (MaySeptember) (P0.05. The current study demonstrated that the trichostrongyle prevalence was low in such a dry weather area, with sustainable control programs. Risk factors of age, season, and sex were considered as factors influencing nematodes prevalence. These findings should contribute to advising appropriate control programs.

Neonatal diarrhea is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in calves, and Rotavirus is the main viral etiology. Rotavirus vaccines are one of the main important methods for control of diarrhea in neonates’ calves. In the current study, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Bovine Rotavirus Group a (BRVA) were performed in our study. 1 Calf guard® vaccine genotype (G6P1) and 5 different field genotypes (2 G6P5, 1 G10P5, G10P? and 1 G10P11) were subjected to DNA sequencing. We observed that at the nucleotide level, G10P5 and G10P? Sequences were 100 % identical with each other, two G6P5 sequences were 100% identical with each other and there was no significant similarity between sequences of G10P11 with sequences of G6P5, G10P5, and G10P? The phylogenetic analysis of G10P5 and G10P? Isolates showed a close cluster with G10 isolates of Sharkia governorate, Egypt, phylogenetic analysis of two G6P5 and one G10P11 isolate showed a close cluster with the VP4 gene of Rotavirus isolates of Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. Molecular comparison between detected and typed Rotaviruses’ genotypes with other genotypes of common vaccines indicated that there were genetically close or distance between field and vaccine Rotavirus strains. Our results can be concluded as the following, Molecular comparison between detected and typed Rotaviruses’ genotypes with other genotypes of common vaccines indicated that there was genetically close or distance between field and vaccinal Rotavirus strains. Also, we suggest that Rotavac vaccine containing G6P5 Rotavirus strain and Scour guard vaccine containing can be used in Assiut governorate due to circulating of G6P5 and G10P11 strains of Rotavirus

Prolapsed nictitans gland is a common affection in dogs. Several treatment options have been suggested such as removal of the prolapsed nictitans gland, excision of the third eyelid, or repositioning of the gland. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) was reported to occur after excision of the prolapsed gland or the third eyelid, while recurrence is commonly associated with repositioning surgery. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of excisions of the nictitans gland or third eyelid on ocular surface integrity, pH, and tear production. Nictitans gland or third eyelid were excised surgically from healthy eyes in dogs. Corneal integrity, pH, and tear amount were examined for 7 months. Histological examination was performed after 7 months of surgery. Fluorescein staining was negative at the different time points in both groups. No significant change was observed in pH after excision of the third eyelid. In contrast, pH was significantly decreased after 2 weeks of removal of the nictitans gland. Tear amount was significantly declined 2 and 3 weeks after excision of the third eyelid and 3 weeks after excision of nictitans gland. The histological examination of different regions including, eyelids, cornea and conjunctiva in both groups compared to control revealed that all parts were completely normal. However, closer to the site of the third eyelid operation severe desquamation of epithelium and infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed. In conclusion, neither excisions of the third eyelid nor the nictitans gland induce the development of KCS or affect the ocular surface integrity.

الوصف

Single intra-articular (IA) injection of long-acting local anesthetics such as bupivacaine is commonly used clinically for postoperative analgesia, in particular, after arthroscopic surgery. Despite their widespread use, the side effects of IA bupivacaine on joint cartilage as well as hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects remain to be elucidated. The aim of this study is to assess the in vitro effect of bupivacaine 5% on donkey chondrocytes at different time points, in addition to the in vivo effects of a single IA bupivacaine injection on the middle carpal joint in a group of 10 clinically healthy adult male donkeys. In phase I, the effect of in vitro treatment with bupivacaine 5% or saline 0.9% on freshly isolated donkey chondrocytes for 30, 60 min, 24, 48, and 96 h was investigated using MTT and LIVE/DEAD assay. In phase II, in vivo effects of single injection of bupivacaine on the middle carpal joint of the donkey were evaluated …

The objective of the present study was to compare between three anesthetic protocols for long-term anesthesia (2 h); protocol 1: xylazine (1mg/kg)/ketamine (10mg/kg) and inhalation of isoflurane in 100% of oxygenprotocol 2: xylazine (1mg/kg)/ketamine (10mg/kg) and propofol (24mg/kg/h) by CRI, and protocol 3: propofol (5mg/kg) and propofol (12mg/kg/h) by CRI. Three clinically healthy adult mongrel dogs of both sexes were used. Food and water were withheld for 12 and 6 h before induction of anesthesia, respectively. Intravenous catheter was placed in the cephalic vein. A wash-out period of 15 days was allowed between protocols. For all protocols (1, 2, and 3), physiological parameters were recorded using a patient monitor. Depth of anesthesia and muscle relaxation were determined by recording various reflexes. Times of first limb movement, regaining swallowing reflex and extubation, sternal recumbency, and standing were recorded. Quality of recovery was also recorded. Venous blood samples were collected into EDTA-containing Vacutainer tubes immediately before anesthesia, 10min after induction with ketamine/propofol, one hour and two h of anesthesia and after complete recovery for hematological analysis by using an automated machine. Data were recorded and expressed as mean±SD and analyzed with commercial statistical software. Results revealed slight variations among animals of the three protocols in the physiological parameters. The quality and depth of anesthesia were excellent in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane and were good in dogs during propofol infusion. The duration of deep anesthesia during propofol …