Milk species adulteration has become an altering issue worldwide. In this study, a robust quantification method based on LC-HRMS for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of milk type from eight different animal species (namely: cow, water buffalo, wild yak, goat, sheep, donkey, horse, and camel) was established by detecting nine signature peptides originating from casein. The developed method was in-house validated in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. As a result, limits of quantification (LOQ) were ranging from 5 to 30 µg/L, recoveries ranged from 95.2% to 104.5%, and intra-day and inter-day variability were lower than 11.4% and 12.6%, respectively, for all the targeted peptides. Furthermore, this method was successfully applied to 46 commercial minor species’ milk, in which 15 samples were false labeling. The obtained results indicate the necessity to monitor milk species adulteration in order to protect consumers from consuming misleading labeled minor species animal’s milk.

Three different types of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and
Streptococcus thermophilus S3855)
were used to manufacture white soft cheese. The resultant white
soft cheeses were pickled for 28 days at refrigerator temperatures and were fed to the experimental
rats. The chemical and microbiological analyses of white soft cheese were conducted at different
storage periods (fresh, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days). The pH values and protein content of
white soft cheese gradually decreased during the storage peroid. Conversely, the moisture content,
titratable acidity, and fat/DM % of white soft cheese were found to increase with of the increase in
pickling periods of up to 28 days. Microbiologically, the total viable count of bacteria in the control
samples was lower than that in the other treatments. Furthermore, the treatments containing the
L. helveticus and L. rhamnosus strains had the highest lactoacilli counts whereas the treatment
containing the S. thermophilus strain had the highest streptococci counts. Twenty-five male Albino
rats were used for experiemntal technique. Rats were fed with 70% basal diet with addition of
30% white soft cheese. Several pathological findings were present in all experimental groups apart
from the control rats, and the kidney samples exhibited renal vascular congestion especially in the
cortical area. The changes of the glomeruli comprise atrophy, distortion, hypocellularity of the
glomerular tuft, and focal lymphoid cell reactions. The renal tubular epithelium showed a series of
degenerative changes ranging up to necrosis. The liver samples showed variable hepatic injury in the
form of thickening in the Glisson capsule, as well as dissociation and disorganization of hepatic cords.
Hepatocellular vacuolar degeneration, presence of focal areas of nodular hyperplasia, the hyperplastic
cells mixed with lymphocytic infiltration, congestion in the portal vein, periportal fibrosis and
edema with the presence of newly formed nonfunctional bile ductulus. Based on the histopathology
scores, the severity of renal and hepatic changes was significantly increased (P . 0.05) in all of
the experimental groups compared with the control group. Generally, the chemical composition,
microbiological analysis and vital organs were significantly affected by using cultured white soft
cheese.

A characteristic subset of microglia expressing CD11c appears in response to brain
damage. However, the functional role of CD11c+ microglia, as well as the mechanism of its
induction, are poorly understood. Here we report that the genetic ablation of signal regulatory
protein a (SIRPa), a membrane protein, induced the emergence of CD11c+ microglia in the brain
white matter. Mice lacking CD47, a physiological ligand of SIRPa, and microglia-specific SIRPa-
knockout mice exhibited the same phenotype, suggesting that an interaction between microglial
SIRPa and CD47 on neighbouring cells suppressed the emergence of CD11c+ microglia. A lack of
SIRPa did not cause detectable damage to the white matter, but resulted in the increased
expression of genes whose expression is characteristic of the repair phase after demyelination. In
addition, cuprizone-induced demyelination was alleviated by the microglia-specific ablation of
SIRPa. Thus, microglial SIRPa suppresses the induction of CD11c+ microglia that have the potential
to accelerate the repair of damaged white matter.

Urodynamic studies in rats and mice are broadly used to examine pathomechnisms of disease and identify and test therapeutic targets. This review aims to highlight the effects of the anesthetics on the lower urinary tract function and seeks to identify protocols that allow recovery from anesthesia and repeated measurements while preserving the function which is being studied. All studies published in English language, which compared the data obtained under various types of anesthesia and the urodynamics performed in awake animals were included. It appears that urethane, an anesthetic recommended extensively for the investigation of lower urinary tract function, is appropriate for acute urodynamic studies only. Major advantages of urethane are its stability and ability to preserve the micturition reflex. Due to its toxicity and carcinogenicity, urethane anesthesia should not be used for recovery procedures. This review evaluated available alternatives including propofol, isoflurane and combinations of urethane, ketamine/xylazine, ketamine/medetomidine, and/or fentanyl/fluanisone/midazolam. Different effects have been demonstrated among these drugs on the urinary bladder, the urethral sphincter, as well as on their neuroregulation. The lowest incidence of adverse effects was observed with the use of a combination of ketamine and xylazine. Although the variations in the reviewed study protocols represent a limitation, we believe that this summary will help in standardizing and optimizing future experiments.

Neonatal diarrhea is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in calves, and Rotavirus is the main viral etiology. The objective of the current study was to study the epidemiological role of Rotavirus infection in diarrheic neonatal cattle and buffaloes 'calves in Assiut Governorate, Egypt. From December 2015 to November 2019, a total number of 315 neonatal calves belonged to different localities of Assiut Governorate, Upper Egypt, were clinically examined. Fecal samples of investigated calves were subsequently collected and serologically tested to reveal-up Rotavirus infection by using latex agglutination test (LAT) and immunochrmatographic assay (ICA). The seropositive samples by LAT and ICA were 16.74% and 8.54%, respectively. The clinical findings of Rotavirus infection in enteric calves were pointed. The percentage of Rotavirus infection was 14.92% (44/295) of clinically diarrheic calves. However, 10% (2/20) of apparently healthy calves (n = 20) harbor Rotavirus in their feces suggesting carrier status. The high percentage of Rotavirus infection (20.13%) was obviously observed in 3 days-4 weeks old calves. There were no significance differences (P < 0.05) between the percentages of Rotavirus infection and sex, species (cattle and buffaloes) and breed (Native and Cross breed) of serologically tested calves. Moreover, there is no significant variations (p < 0.05) between calves under farmer’s hand and calves bred in farm in susceptibility to Rotavirus infection. Based on climatologic conditions of Assiut, seropositive cases were more prevalent (P < 0.001) in cold months (22.67%) than the warm and hot months (7.27%) in Assiut.

o investigate the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiac aging, we evaluate here morphological and ultrastructural age-related changes of cardiac muscles fibers in wild-type and NLRP3-knockout mice, as well as studying the beneficial effect of melatonin therapy. The results clarified the beginning of the cardiac sarcopenia at the age of 12 months, with hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes, increased expression of β-MHC, appearance of small necrotic fibers, decline of cadiomyocyte number, destruction of mitochondrial cristae, appearance of small-sized residual bodies, and increased apoptotic nuclei ratio. These changes were progressed in the cardiac myocytes of 24 old mice, accompanied by excessive collagen deposition, higher expressions of IL-1α, IL-6, and TNFα, complete mitochondrial vacuolation and damage, myofibrils disorganization, multivesicular bodies formation, and nuclear fragmentation. Interestingly, cardiac myocytes of NLRP3^−/− mice showed less detectable age-related changes compared with WT mice. Oral melatonin therapy preserved the normal cardiomyocytes structure, restored cardiomyocytes number, and reduced β-MHC expression of cardiac hypertrophy. In addition, melatonin recovered mitochondrial architecture, reduced apoptosis and multivesicular bodies’ formation, and decreased expressions of β-MHC, IL-1α, and IL-6. Fewer cardiac sarcopenic changes and highly remarkable protective effects of melatonin treatment detected in aged cardiomyocytes of NLRP3^−/− mice compared with aged WT animals, confirming implication of the NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiac aging. Thus, NLRP3 suppression and …

This study was conducted in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the period from (August 2019 to August 2020) to investigate the sarcoptic mange infestation level in one humped camels (Camelus dromedarius), and to assess the effect of the age and season on the mange infestation, to assess the effect of the mange infestation on the appetite and body condition score (BCS) and to develop a good an applicable treatment protocol. 250 female camels were examined clinically and parasitologically, skin scraping revealed that Sarcoptes scabiei var. cameli mite was found in 28% of the examined animals, data analysis of the selected parameters showed that there was an effect for the age and season on the mange infestation, on the other hand there was no effect for the mange infestation on the appetite and BCS. Administration of Doramectin injection and Deltamethrin spray together founded to be the best treatment protocol for the sarcoptic mange infestation in camels, this finding indicates that using the acaricides alone is not enough for the disease eradication and must combined with treatment of the contaminated environment to prevent the reinfection from surrounding arears and achieve the highest cure level.

Toxoplasma gondii is intracellular protozoan parasite that are distributed worldwide and of major economic importance in the livestock industry especially sheep and goats. Sheep and goats are thought to be biological indicators of environmental contamination with T. gondii oocysts. In addition, in developing countries such as Saudi Arabia, where sheep and goat meat is commonly consumed, T. gondii infection in small ruminants may also affect public health risks. So that we estimate the prevalence of T. gondii infections in small ruminants, by using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the antibodies to assess the seroprevalence in 130 sheep and 130 goats from Dammam city. A total of 130 sheep were sampled, of which 35 (26.9%) were positive for T. gondii, out of 130 tested goats 31 (23.8%) were positive for T. gondii. Our study also recorded 27 out 52 from the aborted ewes (51.9%) and 22 out 45 from the aborted does (48.8%) were seropositive for anti-T. gondii antibody. Significant differences (p value < 0.0001) were observed among previously aborted females when evaluated as risk factors for T. gondii infection in both ewes and does. In addition, the results revealed that the age in sheep more than 3 years give 31.1% but in goat 23%. Significant differences (p value < 0.0001) were observed among previously ages, sex and the farming system, from the results of this study showed a broad distribution for protozoan parasite (Toxoplasma gondii) in examined sheep and goat flocks. By using ELISA Toxoplasma gondii antibody test kit that provides a rapid, simple, sensitive and specific method for diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis.

Keywords: Toxoplasma gondii; Sheep; Goats; Saudi Arabia; Elisa

Rotavirus is an enteritis causing pathogen in neonatal calves. A total number of 175 neonatal enteric calves were clinically examined. Their feces were sampled to rapidly serotested for Rotavirus detection. The clinical findings on Rotavirus diarrheic calves were anorexia, weakness, arched back with straining during defecation, variable degree of dehydration. Feces were pasty yellowish with and/or without flakes of clotted blood. Body temperature, respiratory and heart rates were varying. The collected fecal samples were serotested by Latex agglutination test (LAT) and Immunochromatographic assay (ICA). Results of LAT and ICA indicated that the positive samples of Rotavirus infection were 9.68% and 8.54%, respectively. It is concluded that Rotavirus infection plays an outstanding role in enteritis of neonatal calves of Assiut Governorate and control measures should be attained. LAT and ICA are effortlessly field serotests in screening of Rotavirus infection in diarrheic neonatal calves. Keywords: Rotavirus; Calf Diarrhea; LAT; ICA