The study objective was to evaluate the potential reproductive toxicity of sulfoxaflor (SFX) insecticide in male Sprague Dawley rats. To attain these objectives, forty male Sprague Dawley rats of 10–12 weeks old were randomly divided into four equal groups; the 1st group was used as a control group; the other three groups were exposed to 25, 100, and 500 mg/ kg body weight SFX by oral gavage for 4 weeks. Relative testicular weight, testosterone, FSH, LH, MDA, and GPx levels, sperm viability, sperm morphology, sperm DNA damage, and histopathological changes in testes, epididymis, and seminal vesical of these rats were investigated after 4 weeks. The results showed that SFX exposure resulted in a significant increase in FSH, LH, MDA, and GPx levels as well as the percentage of dead and abnormal sperms and DNA damage in rat sperms.
Histopathological examination of testes established testicular degeneration with coagulative necrosis as well as the proliferation of interstitial connective tissue infiltrated with inflammatory cells with congestion of intertubular blood vessels in epididymis and degeneration of lining epithelium of seminal vesicles

Background: The current study aimed to determine the most strongly correlated variable of pelvimetry with the
parity in our native breed Egyptian buffaloes.
Methods: The study was conducted on 36 female buffaloes (nullipara, n=14, primipara n=6 and pluripara, n=16 with 2-4
births) aged between <15 months, n=15 and 65 months, n=21. The internal and external pelvic measurements were
obtained using the rice pelvimeter and Freeman’s measuring tape.
Results: Strong positive linear relationships were found for the distance between ischiatic tuberosities and the distance
between sacral tubercles with the correlation coefficients of 0.64 and 0.62, respectively. The conjugate diameter
increased progressively with the age and number of births, with a correlation coefficient of 0.96. The pelvic area had a
very strong positive linear relationship with a correlation coefficient of 0.89. The linear combination of the predictor
variable (conjugate diameter), to predict the number of birth was developed successfully.
Conclusion: The strong relationship between the conjugate diameter and the number of births could be employed to
predict the dystocia and estimate the age of female buffalo. Furthermore, these findings could be aid paleontologists in
studying buffalo fossils.

Background and Aim: Estrus detection plays a crucial role in the success of animal reproduction. It was previously reported
that body temperature changes during estrus. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between vaginal temperatures
(VTs) measured by a data logger, ovarian activity, and hormonal cyclic changes in camels.
Materials and Methods: Six mature, healthy, non-pregnant dromedary, and 10-12-year-old camels were included in the
study. The ovarian activity was monitored with ultrasonography, and estrus behavior was evaluated using an active and
virile male camel. Animals were inserted with a blank controlled internal drug release device attached with an intravaginal
data logger. Every hour, the ambient temperature was recorded by another data logger. Blood samples were collected, and
sera were used to measure estradiol and progesterone levels.
Results: The whole follicular cycle lasted 25.41±1.36 days, and the maximum sizes of the dominant follicle in the first and
second follicular waves were 1.63±0.27 cm and 1.94±0.42 cm, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation
between the follicular diameter and estradiol-17β level (p<0.01, r=0.397). There was no correlation between the follicular
diameter and progesterone level (p>0.05, r=0.038), which remained low during the whole period of the experiment. The
mean daily VT was significantly correlated with the diameter of the dominant follicle (1.7-2.2 cm, p<0.01, r=0.52).
Conclusion: Measurement of VT will improve the accuracy of estrus prediction. Further studies are recommended to
validate VT in camel reproduction.

The aim was to elucidate the effects of short-term, high protein diet on ovarian activity and metabolic status in synchronized Ossimi ewes. Fourteen Ossimi ewes divided into a high protein (HPG; n = 7) and a control group (CG; n = 7). Estrous synchronized using two doses of Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) that were administered 10 days apart. For the five days before the second dose of PGF2-α, a high protein diet consisting of 20% crude protein was fed to the HPG and the CG was provided a maintenance diet. The estrus period was significantly longer and the ovulation rate was significantly higher in the HPG as compared to the CG (P < 0.05). A significantly longer ovulation time and larger diameter ovulatory follicles were observed in the HPG (P < 0.05). A high protein diet had a significant effect on the number of recruited follicles and the diameter of the ovulatory follicle (P < 0.05). Significantly higher levels of estradiaol-17β, total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, blood urea, and glucose detected in the HPG as compared to CG ewes (P < 0.05). It is concluded that short-term, high protein flushing may improve estrus expression, ovarian activity, and metabolic status in PGF2α analog synchronized Ossimi ewes.

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are frequent contaminants of staple foods such as maize. Oral exposure to these toxins poses health hazards by disrupting cellular signaling. However, little is known regarding the multifaced mitochondrial dysfunction-linked toxicity of FB1 and AFB1. Here, we show that after exposure to FB1 and AFB1, mitochondrial respiration significantly decreased by measuring the oxygen consumption rate (OCR), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The current work shows that the integrity of mitochondria (MMP and ROS), that is the central component of cell apoptosis, is disrupted by FB1 and AFB1 in undifferentiated Caco-2 and HepG2 cells as in vitro models for human intestine and liver, respectively. It hypothesizes that FB1 and AFB1 could disrupt the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) to induce mitochondrial dysfunction and break the balance of transferring H⁺ between the mitochondrial inner membrane and mitochondrial matrix, however, the proton leak is not increasing and, as a result, ATP synthesis is blocked. At the sub-toxic exposure of 1.0 µg/mL for 24h, i.e., a viability of 95% in Caco-2 and HepG2 cells, the mitochondrial respiration was, however, stimulated. This suggests that the treated cells could reserve energy for mitochondrial respiration with the exposure of FB1 and AFB1, which could be a survival advantage.

An outbreak of lumpy skin disease (LSD) was recorded during the period of 2018 in the study area. Tissue samples from skin nodules were surgically collected from diseased animals (N= 23) for molecular identification of the causative virus by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers designated from G protein coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) gene. All the skin samples were found to be positive for lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) as they gave the expected amplicon size at 554 bp. Sequencing analysis of the obtained amplified segment disclosed that the present outbreak virus has a very high identity percentage> 99-100% with virulent LSDV either that’s isolated from Egypt or different foreign countries, while the percent of identity were 95.62% with the vaccinal strains of LSDV. Multiple alignment and Phylogenetic analysis of the obtained sequence manifesting that members of capripoxviruses could be segregated in different groups and the present outbreak strain grouped within the LSDV virulent strains clust

The intestinal bulb is a simple dilatation in the anterior part of the intestine of agastric fish. This study was conducted on 18 adult specimens
of molly fish (Poecilia sphenops) and demonstrated the presence of an intestinal bulb. The intestinal epithelium was composed of enterocytes
covered with microvilli, many mucous goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells. Numerous intraepithelial lymphocytes, neutrophils,
plasma cells, dendritic cells, stem cells, rodlet cells, and macrophages were identified in the epithelial layer. Interestingly, this study recorded
the process of autophagy and formation of autophagosomes, multivesicular bodies, and dense bodies. The intestinal epithelium extended
into the intestinal gland that consisted of simple columnar epithelium, mucous cells, stem cells, enteroendocrine cells, and basal cells. These
glands opened to the lumen of the bulb and were surrounded by a network of telocytes. Moreover, immunohistochemistry revealed that the
intestinal epithelium expressed APG5, myostatin, TGF-β, IL-1β, NF-κB, Nrf2, and SOX9. Leukocytes in the lamina propria-submucosa
expressed APG5. The inflammatory cells in the connective tissue showed strong immunoreactivity to myostatin and TGF-β. The smooth
muscular layer also expressed myostatin. Both IL-1β and NF-κB showed immunoreactivity in macrophages in the lamina propria-submucosa.
Stem cells expressed Sox-9 and telocytes expressed NF-κB and SOX9; while astrocytes in the tunica muscularis expressed GFAP. The
high frequency of immune cells in the intestinal bulb suggested an immune role of this organ. This is the first study demonstrating the
absence of the stomach and its replacement with an intestinal bulb in molly fish, and consequently, this species could be reclassified as
agastric fish according to this study.

Healthy eyes with good vision were important to any animal, to safely exist in their environments, for quality of life, and to successfully compete for food. The aim of present study was to set normal values for biometric
intraocular dimensions in healthy mules for the right and left eyes in males and females. The study was conducted on clinically healthy mules (n=40) which were classified into two groups; male (n=20) and female mules (n=20). Complete clinical examination and ultrasonographic characterization of ocular structures were carried out for all clinically healthy mules. Biometric intraocular dimensions of the right eye and the left eye included anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial globe length (AGL), central lens thickness (CLT), lens pole diameter (LPD) and vitreous chamber depth (VCD), were described using ocular ultrasonography. It also showed normal intraocular structures of the right eye and the left eye that included, anterior chamber (AC), cornea (C), iris (I), lens (L), optic disk (OD), optic nerve (ON), retinochoroid unit (RCU), retrobulbar fat (RF), retrobulbar muscles (RM) and vitreous body (VB). Ocular ultrasonography reported no significant variations for biometric intraocular dimensions of the eye between male and female mules as well as between right and left eyes either in male mules or in female mules. The study reported normal values for ultrasonographic biometric
intraocular dimensions of the right and left eyes in clinically healthy male and female mules.

Respiratory diseases of cattle represented the most important health and economic problems of cattle rearing. It was possible to diagnose ultrasonographically bronchopneumonia, consolidation, pulmonary emphysema, pleural effusion and pleuritis. The study aimed to correlate between the changes in clinical findings and laboratory
assays mainly haematological pictures and serum acute phase proteins (APPs) i.e. haptoglobin, and the characteristic ultrasonographic findings in bovine respiratory diseases and their importance in differentiation between upper respiratory diseases and lower respiratory diseases in cattle. A total number of 84 cattle were included
in the study and divided into 3 groups: healthy control group (n=15), upper respiratory diseased group [URG] (n=29) and lower respiratory diseased group [LRG] (n=40). The animals were admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Assiut University-Egypt with a history of anorexia, respiratory distress, nasal discharge, cough and/or abnormal lung sounds. These animals were undergoing clinical and ultrasonographic examinations
as well as laboratory analyses. Regarding to the ultrasonographic findings, the diseased cases were classified into URG and LRG. Ultrasonography differentiated many of the affections such as bronchopneumonia
(n=16), Lung consolidation (n=12), pulmonary emphysema (n=8), and pleuritis and pleural effusion (n=4). Neutrophilic leukocytosis was reported in URG and LRG. The biochemical assays revealed significant elevation in serum levels of haptoglobin, fibrinogen, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein in URG and LRG. Serum albumins were remarkably (P<0.05) decreased
in URG. The study concluded that thoracic ultrasonography considered a diagnostic tool in cows with respiratory diseases because it determined the location and extent of the lung lesions as well as the severity of the affection. APPs and lipid profile used as biomarkers for the diagnosis of bovine respiratory diseases.