Objectives: To describe a technique for arthroscopy of the fetlock joint of the dromedary

camel, and the problems that could occur during and after arthroscopy. Methods: Seven animals (4 cadaveric limbs and 3 living camels) were used in this study. Two dorsal arthroscopic portals (lateral and medial) and one palmaro-lateral portal were used. Distension of the joint capsule was affected by injecting Ringer´s lactate solution into the joint cavity. Landmarks for the dorsal arthroscopic portals were located at the Centre of the groove bounded by the lateral branch of the suspensory ligament and the large metacarpus at a point 1 cm proximal to the joint. The palmaro-lateral portal was located in a triangular area between the branch of the suspensory ligament, the large metacarpus, and the sesamoid bone, with insertion of the arthroscope in a 45° joint flexion angle.

Results: Arthroscopy of the fetlock joint via the dorso-lateral portal allowed examination

of the distal end of the large metacarpus and the proximal end of the first phalanx of the

fourth digit. Arthroscopy via a dorso-medial approach allowed examination of the distal

end of the large metacarpus and the proximal end of the first phalanx and the distal end of

the third digit. The palmaro-lateral portal allowed examination of the sesamoid bones, the synovial membrane, and the synovial villi. The main complications recorded during arthroscopy were iatrogenic articular surface injury as well as obstruction of vision with the synovial villi.

Clinical significance: This is the first work to describe the normal arthroscopy of the fetlock

joint in the dromedary camel, the arthroscopic portals, and the complications that could occur during and after arthroscopy. Further studies are required for the diagnosis of pathological changes in the fetlock joint of the dromedary camel and for arthroscopy of other

joints in the dromedary camel.

Bartonella species (Bartonella spp.) have gained recognition as a significant human pathogen, implicated in a wide range of diseases. Among these, Bartonella henselae infection has been extensively studied for its primary occurrence in cats and its role in the development of cat-scratch disease in humans. While light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have traditionally played crucial roles in identifying causative agents of infectious diseases, including Bartonella spp., the accuracy of these methods in identifying Bartonella spp. remains undefined. Therefore, this study aims to bridge this gap by employing both light microscopy and TEM to detect Bartonella in feline blood samples and to confirm B. henselae with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Examination of blood smears stained with Giemsa and toluidine blue semithin sections by using light microscopy revealed the presence of intraerythrocytic corpuscles, suggesting Bartonella infection in six out of 33 examined cat blood samples. TEM findings corroborated these observations, showcasing the engulfment of bacteria by the erythrocyte membrane, along with the presence of some Bartonella spp., adhering to the erythrocyte wall. PCR-based molecular detection confirmed the presence of B. henselae in these six samples. It is concluded that light microscopy and TEM are considered valuable in the screening of cats' blood for the potential presence of Bartonella. However, further molecular techniques are essential for precise identification and confirmation of specific Bartonella spp.

The present study was carried out on 15 pit animals (10 dogs and 5 cats), suffering from the presence of respiratory tract foreign bodies. Case history and clinical signs were reported. Diagnosis was confirmed by radiography and endoscopy. Endoscopy was used in the diagnosis and removal of foreign bodies from the respiratory tract. The procedure was successful in 14 of the examined cases. In one case where the foreign body was lodged in the lung tissue, endoscopy failed to remove the foreign body. Results of this study showed that endoscopy can be used successfully in the diagnosis and removal of foreign bodies from the respiratory tract. The technique is non-invasive and safe for the patient.