The iris has several unique structures that are determined by its embryonic origin. Therefore, this research aimed to demonstrate the morphogenesis of the albino rabbit iris. The development of the rabbit iris began at mid-gestation and was completed postnatally. Consequently, we used 36 embryos and 12 neonatal rabbits. The iris originated from the tip of the optic cup. The epithelium of the iris began to differentiate on day 15 of pregnancy, forming a single layer of epithelial cells. The constrictor muscle began its differentiation on day 27 of pregnancy in the area around the pupil, while the dilator muscle differentiated on day 30 as a protrusion from the anterior epithelial cells. The stroma of the iris differentiated from the periocular mesenchyme into fibroblasts, telocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages. The tyrosinase enzymes expressed in the albino rabbit's iris were inactive and at low levels, with melanocytes lacking melanin pigment. Vimentin immunohistochemistry expression was observed in all layers of the iris. Desmin was expressed only in the constrictor muscle and stroma. Explaining the developmental process of the albino's iris is vital for advancing our knowledge of this tissue.

The lingual apparatus of the birds was used to determine the food type of the birds. The tongue of the Japanese quail showed great plasticity in morphology, histology and function. Although little literature spoke in details about the developmental anatomy of the Japanese quail tongue and its attachment during embryogenesis and the post‐hatching period, our data were carried out on 85 healthy random specimens arranged on 45 Japanese quail embryos with ages from the 5th day of incubation to hatching day old and 40 quail chicks with the age of 7, 14, 30 and 60 days old. Those investigations found that the primordium of the tongue arose from the oropharyngeal floor primordium as a clear elongated projection supported by basihyale at the 5th and 6th days old of the embryonated egg. The tongue primordium was attached by a thin layer of epithelium (frenulum linguae primordium). With age advancing, the tongue took different shapes, starting from a ‘U’ shape to a triangular elongated shape. Consequently, its parts were fully developed into a lingual apex that was supported by the paraglossale apical process and paraglossale corpus and the lingual body supported by both the posterior part of paraglossale and basihyale. Besides that, (ala linguae) primordia became more prominent as two oval projections with caudal serrated borders at the 10‐day‐old embryo which were supported by posterior processes of os paraglossale. But at 13 days old, the transverse papillary crest primordium began to appear, which consisted of caudally directed finger‐like papillae. Those papillae were developmentally variable in number, shape and length. The lingual muscle primordia could be noticed: ceratoglossus, hypoglossus anterior and genioglossus muscles at 5, 6 and 7 days old of incubation, respectively. However, the genioglossus muscle showed a degenerative process at the 11‐day‐old embryo. Lingual glands were compound tubular and tubulo‐alveolar end pieces, which its primordia appeared at the 7 and 8‐day‐old embryo. Histochemically, the glands showed different reactions to AB and PAS, and combined stains, which the developmental stains reaction ended with a slightly alcinophilic reaction.

Camels have unique morphological traits that enable them to adapt well to harsh conditions. This work aims to describe the vascular architecture of the camel retina and investigate its cellular components with a focus on the distribution of mitochondria in Muller cells and photoreceptors, using light and electron microscopy. The camel retina is euangiotic in which blood vessels extend in the inner retina from the nerve fiber layer to the outer plexiform layer. The pericytes are embedded in the basement membrane of the retinal capillaries, and overlapping of pericytes could be observed. Glial cells are localized in the vicinity of blood vessels. Muller cells display mitochondria throughout their length, from their end-feet, which form the inner limiting membrane, to their scleral end, which forms the outer limiting membrane. Interestingly, the bodies of camel Muller cells are densely packed with mitochondria, while their end-feet show few mitochondria. Numerous mitochondria could be observed in the axons and synaptic terminals of rods and cones. Photoreceptor bodies are devoid of mitochondria. The inner segment's ellipsoid region is densely packed with mitochondria, whereas the outer segment lacks them. In conclusion, these findings provide new insights into the vascular and cellular organization of the camel retina, highlighting key adaptations such as a well-developed inner retinal vasculature, specialized features of the inner blood–retinal barrier, and a distinctive pattern of mitochondrial distribution in Muller cells and photoreceptors. This structural specialization may play a crucial role in maintaining retinal function under the challenging environmental conditions camels face.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most widespread chronic inflammatory skin disease characterised by impaired skin barrier, higher immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated sensitisation, and pronounced inflammatory and immune activity. In this study, mizolastine-loaded spanlastics (MZSPs) with edge activators (Brij 35, Tween 80, and Cremophor RH40) were formulated using ethanol injection method. Spanlastics were assessed for their average particle size, surface charge, encapsulation efficacy, morphology, in vitro drug release, and ex vivo skin permeation. MZSPs showed average particle size ranging from 186.2 ± 13.0 nm to 380.7 ± 25.9 nm and high MZ encapsulation efficiency percentage of (95.8 ± 0.68%–98.1 ± 0.86%). The prepared MZSPs were incorporated into 2.5% HPMC hydrogel base to facilitate its topical delivery. The in vitro release experiments showed a sustained release profile of MZ from MZSPs-hydrogel over 24 h with effective flux and permeation through rat skin compared to free drug. Additionally, the therapeutic efficacy of MZSPs-hydrogel in an AD model utilising seven-week-old male Balb/C mice outperformed the free drug in improving cytokine profiles, histopathological and immunohistochemical parameters, along with a quantitative analysis of mast cell immunostaining. These findings support the potential application of MZSPs for the transdermal delivery of MZ, offering enhanced management for AD.

Soft cheeses provide an ideal matrix for bacterial growth, serving as a medium for inoculating starter microorganisms like Lactobacillus. This study aimed to evaluate the biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical effects of white soft cheese inoculated with Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Streptococcus thermophilus S3855 on male reproductive health in albino rats. Forty male Albino rats, divided into five isolated groups, and fed white soft cheese prepared with different bacterial strains or non-inoculated cheese (control) for 28 days. The prepared cheese was pickled for four weeks at refrigerator temperature and analyzed for chemical and microbiological properties at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Total solids decreased over time, while protein-to-dry matter ratios increased across all treatments. Biochemically, all treated groups showed reduced serum total cholesterol, with the most significant triglyceride reduction in group V. Histopathological analysis revealed notable structural damage in testicular tissue, including degeneration of seminiferous tubules, vascular abnormalities, and a marked decrease in seminiferous tubule diameter and spermatogenic cell counts. Johnsen-like scores were significantly lower, particularly in groups III, IV, and V, indicating impaired spermatogenesis compared with the normal control. Immunohistochemically, strong Bax expression was observed in all treated groups, indicating enhanced apoptotic activity. Additionally, wide spread Plexin-B1 expression was also detected in all treated groups. These findings indicate that probiotic-enriched soft cheese may negatively affect male reproductive health, possibly through apoptosis-mediated pathways.