Today most of patients with chronic disease can be treated; therefore many studied in this field have focused on psychosocial problems. This descriptive study aimed to determine and compare the Self-Esteem level and optimism of patients with chronic renal failure and leukemia participants. Subjects and methods: The studied was conducted at the out patient and hematology department of Upper Egypt Cancer Institution, and kidney dialysis unit at Assiut University Hospital. The subjects were comprised from 1oo adult patients and fulfilling the following criteria: age18 to 65 years, diagnosed as chronic renal failure and leukemia, and accepted to participate in the study, their number amounted to 50 chronic renal failures patients and 50 leukemia patients which were selected randomly. Data was collected using an interview schedule for assessing socio demographic data. The Optimism and self-esteem Scale (Developed by Taha – Al-Mestekawy2007): was use to assess the level of the optimism and self –esteem of the tow group of patients. Results: The results reveled that, the mean scores of self- esteem and optimism were high in the chronic renal failure and low in the leukemia patients. Conclusion: The study concluded that adult patients with chronic renal failure and leukemia have low score of Self-Esteem and optimism. Recommendations: The study recommended that health promotion education program for renal failure and leukemia survivors, family members should be included in treatment regimen and health education for chronic illness patients, and develop continued training and education program for nurses, frequently attending and conferences based on their needs of chronic illness patients to improve Self-Esteem and optimism.

Limb amputation usually refers to the removal of part of or the entire upper or lower limb with a defined surgical approach. In the united states there is an estimated 1,7 million people living with an amputation in 2008 and approximately 135 ,000 new amputations occurring each year. The aim of this study was to develop standards of post-operative nursing interventions for lower limb amputated patient. Subjects and method: research design descriptive exploratory study was utilized. Setting the study was carried out at trauma unit and vascular surgery department at Assiut University Hospital. The study sample divided into two groups: GroupI: It includes all baccalaureate nurses (4) who working in vascular surgery department and trauma unit. Group II: It includes all diploma nurses (60) who working in vascular surgery department and trauma unit. Tools It utilized for data collection were Tool I post operative cognitive assessment sheet, Tool II post operative competencies opinionnaire sheet, Tool III standards of post operative practice sheet. Results showed that; more than half of nurses had fair knowledge regarding standards of post operative interventions for lower limb amputated patients. The majority of nurses had agreed as regarding prepare the trauma unit and vascular surgery with the necessary equipment, prepare the car/ table with basic instruments according to patient's condition, ensure that continuous monitoring and recording are followed for post operative patients, ensure that all infection control measures are properly followed in all procedures, ensure that all health team are properly attired for patient care, ensure that safety for each patient during transportation from operating room to unit, ensure that all staff members follow ethics and patient rights in the trauma unit and vascular surgery department.. Nurses showed inadequacy in their practice about standards of post operative interventions for lower limb amputated patients. Conclusion: Formulation of standards is the first step toward evaluating nursing care delivery. Recommendation: Implementation of standards of post operative nursing interventions for lower limb amputated patient is necessary for trauma unit and vascular surgery.

Poisoning of children is one of the most common and important subject in the field of pediatric nursing. Many children are admitted to hospital because they have been poisoned by eating, drinking, or even inhaling poisonous substances. There are several unique aspects in the clinical assessment and management of childhood poisoning that need to be considered. So, the aims of this study were to assess the nurses' knowledge and practice about care given to the child with poisoning. A descriptive study design was carried out. The subjects included 30 nurses working in emergency unit of Assuit University Children Hospital. Data collection tools were a structured questionnaire interview sheet and an observation checklist. In conclusion, the study revealed deficiency in knowledge and practices. Statistically significant relations were shown between knowledge and practices among studied nurses. The study recommended developed program should be applied for nurses about care given to the child with poisoning.

The aim of the study is to identify the risk factors of protein energy malnutrition among children under five years of age in Assiut university children hospital. A correlation descriptive research design was chosen for this study. A convenient sampling design was followed to include children suffering from protein energy malnutrition aged below 5 years. Control group was purposively selected to be nearly age and sex matched. A total of 150 study and 150 control were included. The results revealed that PEM was more found in children in families of middle and low socioeconomic status with statistically significant differences, history of malnutrition in other sibling and younger age than others, statistically significant differences between practices of mothers in the cases than the control groups were found regarding breast feeding, artificial feeding and additional and adult food with low level of satisfactory practices observed among mothers in the cases than those in the control groups. From this study it can be concluded that several risk factors were found to be associated with PEM including, lower education level of the mother, number of children in the family as the number of children in the family decreased , the prevalence of PEM increased, low and middle family socioeconomic status, age of the child, children with the younger age are more vulnerable to have PEM than those of older age and mothers' practices regarding feeding of their children (breast feeding, artificial feeding as well as additional and adult food) unsatisfactory practices of mothers regarding feeding of their children increase the prevalence of PEM among their children. This study recommended that Supporting and promotion of breast feeding, avoid using of artificial feeding and bottles, health education to the mothers about proper feeding practices, breast feeding, artificial feeding and additional and adult food to prevent PEM, increasing mother's awareness related to risk factors of PEM and how to manage the different infections among their children and encourage vaccination at the appropriate time.

Nutrition support can result in improved wound healing, a decreased catabolic response to injury, enhanced immune system function, improved gastrointestinal structure and function, and improved clinical outcomes). The appropriately and timely nutritional intervention can improve patient recovery and survival, decrease complication rates, and decrease costs. Gastrointestinal complications (vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal distension) are most commonly associated with complications derived from enteral feeding. Aim: this study was carried out to investigate the effect of the intermittent enteral feeding schedule on the occurrence of gastrointestinal complications and the length of the hospital stay among critically ill patients at Assiut University Hospitals. Design: a quasi-experimental design. Setting: trauma ICU at Assiut University Hospitals and the study took approximately one year started from July 2010 till July 2011. Patients: A convenience sample of 80 adults' critically ill patients on enteral feeding constituted the study sample. The patients were assigned randomly into two equal groups (control group and study group, 40 patients each).. Methods: The only manipulation was in the rest period and time interval in which the study group subjects were rested 8hours at night as compared to 6hours for the control ones, as well study group subjects were having 4hours time interval between each two consecutive feeding as compared to 2hours for control group subjects. Results: There was a significant statistical difference between both groups (p=0.000)indicating lesser hospital stay among study group subjects (52.5 % of the study group subjects were hospitalized less than one month as compared to 35 % of the control group subjects were stayed between 30 to less than 45 days). It was also found that, 57.5% of control group patients developed gastrointestinal complications as compared to 45% of the study group patients (n.s). Conclusion: intermittent 4-hour enteral feeding schedule had lowered the incidence of gastrointestinal complication and length of the hospital stay.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an emerging global epidemic disease. Egypt reports the highest incidence in the world. Aim of the study: To estimate seroprevalence and to assess knowledge, attitude and practices regarding HCV and HBV among barbers and their customers in Assiut District, Egypt. Methods: Quesi-experimental research design carried out in Assiut District and City. Included 350 participants (175 barbers and 175 customers). Data collected by using three tools; tool (1): interview form consisted of four parts; first part included demographic data. The second part included assessment of medical and surgical history of barbers and customers. The third part included assessment of knowledge regarding the HCV&HBV. Fourth part: Included serological blood tests to detect infection with HCV and HBV. Tool (2): Included Likert attitude scale. Tool (3): Observational checklist to assess practices of barbers and customers.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an emerging global epidemic disease. Egypt reports the highest incidence in the world. Aim of the study: To estimate seroprevalence and to assess knowledge, attitude and practices regarding HCV and HBV among barbers and their customers in Assiut District, Egypt. Methods: Quesi-experimental research design carried out in Assiut District and City. Included 350 participants (175 barbers and 175 customers). Data collected by using three tools; tool (1): interview form consisted of four parts; first part included demographic data. The second part included assessment of medical and surgical history of barbers and customers. The third part included assessment of knowledge regarding the HCV&HBV. Fourth part: Included serological blood tests to detect infection with HCV and HBV. Tool (2): Included Likert attitude scale. Tool (3): Observational checklist to assess practices of barbers and customers.