Few studies have explored the effect of infertility diagnosis on the emotional responses of women in Egypt. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess psychological distress among infertile women and examine socio-demographic and clinical correlates of psychological distress among those women. A descriptive correlational design was utilized in this study. The subjects included all infertile female patients who attended to Suzan Moubarak University Hospital for Obstetric and Gynecology in Elminia Governorate for six months from the end of February to the end of August 2006. Tools of study: Socio-demographic and clinical data tool as well as Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS) were utilized to measure the study variables. Results qfthe study revealed that 68% of the infertile women were suffering from extreme to severe level of depression and seventythree percent of them were suffering from extreme to severe anxiety level. Furthermore, 48% of them were having extreme to severe stress level. Work status and education were significantly related to depression (p = 0.05 and 0.01 respectively). In addition, work status was significantly related to anxiety (p = 0.02) and the family history of infertility was significaotJy related to stress (p = 0.04). Conciusion, infertile women are suffering from high level of psychological distress that is not related to the most of socio-demographic or clinical variables. Recommendations: Designing ancJ implementing counseling program for infertile women to improve their psychological status and help them cope successfully.

Workers on the frontlines of healthcare are encountering "disturbing" levels of unchecked violence and abuse from both patients and coworkers. Although much has been written about aggression from a variety of viewpoints, little systematic information has been gathered about what nurses' see as aggression. It was reported that nurses from both academic and clinical settings complained that aggression from colleagues was more problematic to deal with than aggression from patients. Negative effects have been observed in terms of lowered performance, deteriorated physical and mental health, resulting in alcoholism, and even suicide. So, this study aimed to identify nature and source of workplace violence as perceived by nurses and to explore the impact of workplace violence on nurses' behavior and performance. The sample composed of all nurses working at coronary care unit, burn unit, psychiatric unit, emergency unit, and a representative sample of nurses working at outpatient clinics of Assuit University Hospital. Data were collected by using a structured questionnaire. It included demographic characteristics of the studied sample, items related to the nature and source of violence, as well as workplace violence- behavior and performance checklist that was adopted from (Ferram, 1995). Results showed that the majority of nurses exposed to verbal violence at workplace. Patients constituted the main source of violence in psychiatric unit. However, physicians and patients' relatives constituted the main source of violence in critical care units and outpatient clinics respectively. Also, it was found that violence has negative impact on nurses' behavior and performance. Conclusion: Verbal abuse was the most common type of violence among the majority of nurses at workplace and it has negative impact on nurses' behavior and performance. Recommendations: Training program is essential for nurses to prevent violence and aggression in study settings and collaboration with physicians and other disciplines is needed to decrease violence and its negative impact on nurses' behavior and performance.

Workers on the frontlines of healthcare are encountering "disturbing" levels of unchecked violence and abuse from both patients and coworkers. Although much has been written about aggression from a variety of viewpoints, little systematic information has been gathered about what nurses' see as aggression. It was reported that nurses from both academic and clinical settings complained that aggression from colleagues was more problematic to deal with than aggression from patients. Negative effects have been observed in terms of lowered performance, deteriorated physical and mental health, resulting in alcoholism, and even suicide. So, this study aimed to identify nature and source of workplace violence as perceived by nurses and to explore the impact of workplace violence on nurses' behavior and performance. The sample composed of all nurses working at coronary care unit, burn unit, psychiatric unit, emergency unit, and a representative sample of nurses working at outpatient clinics of Assuit University Hospital. Data were collected by using a structured questionnaire. It included demographic characteristics of the studied sample, items related to the nature and source of violence, as well as workplace violence- behavior and performance checklist that was adopted from (Ferram, 1995). Results showed that the majority of nurses exposed to verbal violence at workplace. Patients constituted the main source of violence in psychiatric unit. However, physicians and patients' relatives constituted the main source of violence in critical care units and outpatient clinics respectively. Also, it was found that violence has negative impact on nurses' behavior and performance. Conclusion: Verbal abuse was the most common type of violence among the majority of nurses at workplace and it has negative impact on nurses' behavior and performance. Recommendations: Training program is essential for nurses to prevent violence and aggression in study settings and collaboration with physicians and other disciplines is needed to decrease violence and its negative impact on nurses' behavior and performance.

Workers on the frontlines of healthcare are encountering "disturbing" levels of unchecked violence and abuse from both patients and coworkers. Although much has been written about aggression from a variety of viewpoints, little systematic information has been gathered about what nurses' see as aggression. It was reported that nurses from both academic and clinical settings complained that aggression from colleagues was more problematic to deal with than aggression from patients. Negative effects have been observed in terms of lowered performance, deteriorated physical and mental health, resulting in alcoholism, and even suicide. So, this study aimed to identify nature and source of workplace violence as perceived by nurses and to explore the impact of workplace violence on nurses' behavior and performance. The sample composed of all nurses working at coronary care unit, burn unit, psychiatric unit, emergency unit, and a representative sample of nurses working at outpatient clinics of Assuit University Hospital. Data were collected by using a structured questionnaire. It included demographic characteristics of the studied sample, items related to the nature and source of violence, as well as workplace violence- behavior and performance checklist that was adopted from (Ferram, 1995). Results showed that the majority of nurses exposed to verbal violence at workplace. Patients constituted the main source of violence in psychiatric unit. However, physicians and patients' relatives constituted the main source of violence in critical care units and outpatient clinics respectively. Also, it was found that violence has negative impact on nurses' behavior and performance. Conclusion: Verbal abuse was the most common type of violence among the majority of nurses at workplace and it has negative impact on nurses' behavior and performance. Recommendations: Training program is essential for nurses to prevent violence and aggression in study settings and collaboration with physicians and other disciplines is needed to decrease violence and its negative impact on nurses' behavior and performance.

Schizophrenia can devastate the lives of people who suffer from it. People with schizophrenia suffer distress, disability, reduced productivity and decreased quality of life (QOL). The concept of quality of life has evolved considerably over the last decades. The interest in studying quality of life of persons with schizophrenia started as concern was increasing about the role played by those patients in the community. A conceptual model has recently been described which suggests that the major determinants of quality of life in schizophrenia are symptom severity, level of psychosocial functioning, and the presence of medication side effects. The aim of this work is to determine the relationship between clinical characteristics and quality of life of schizophrenic patients. The study was carried out at the psychiatric outpatient clinics of EI Maamoura hospital for Psychiatric Medicine and Assiut University Hospital. The study included 150 patients diagnosed according to the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria of schizophrenic disorder. The data were collected by using an interview schedule to elicit information about socio-demographic & clinical characteristics of schizophrenic patients, the Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale (SQLS) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (P ANSS). The study showed that poor quality of life was affected by the time lapse since last hospital discharge, as well as by the period of untreated psychosis, the severity of all psychotic symptoms, and the medications' side effects. Recommendation: Psychosocial rehabilitation programs should be performed in outpatient clinics, immediately after discharge from psychiatric hospital. Such programs can help patients build up social and cognitive skills and making them more able to deal with ongoing stressors in the community.

Schizophrenia can devastate the lives of people who suffer from it. People with schizophrenia suffer distress, disability, reduced productivity and decreased quality of life (QOL). The concept of quality of life has evolved considerably over the last decades. The interest in studying quality of life of persons with schizophrenia started as concern was increasing about the role played by those patients in the community. A conceptual model has recently been described which suggests that the major determinants of quality of life in schizophrenia are symptom severity, level of psychosocial functioning, and the presence of medication side effects. The aim of this work is to determine the relationship between clinical characteristics and quality of life of schizophrenic patients. The study was carried out at the psychiatric outpatient clinics of EI Maamoura hospital for Psychiatric Medicine and Assiut University Hospital. The study included 150 patients diagnosed according to the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria of schizophrenic disorder. The data were collected by using an interview schedule to elicit information about socio-demographic & clinical characteristics of schizophrenic patients, the Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale (SQLS) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (P ANSS). The study showed that poor quality of life was affected by the time lapse since last hospital discharge, as well as by the period of untreated psychosis, the severity of all psychotic symptoms, and the medications' side effects. Recommendation: Psychosocial rehabilitation programs should be performed in outpatient clinics, immediately after discharge from psychiatric hospital. Such programs can help patients build up social and cognitive skills and making them more able to deal with ongoing stressors in the community.

The period of medical and nursing residency is a bottleneck because of the load of work, training. patient's treatment, relations with senior professions, accommodation and other issues. A two-years residency program similar to that of physicians was introduced recently in 1990 for the graduates of the High Institute of Nursing (HlN) in Assiut University Hospital. 134 resident physician and 71 HIN graduates included nurse residents were studied to focus the light on the work status during residency program as perceived by them. All nurses and 16.4% of resident physicians did administrative work. 97.0 % of resident physicians and 67.6% of nurses did patient care. Only nurses do report and records writing. in addition to 18.3% did requests for maintenance and cleaning. Physicians' were more tired from workload since only J 1.9% got enough sleep, on contrary to nurses (31.0%). Only 4.5% of physicians and 7.0% of nurses did house officers and internship nurses training. Most of resident physicians (70.1%) and 86.0% of nurses believe it is unsatisfactory due to absence of a training program in the department, no enough time, and lack of interest by house-officers and internship nurses. The main difficu lties encountered during residency mentioned by resident physicians were: the huge number of patients and shifts (58.2%) (p

The period of medical and nursing residency is a bottleneck because of the load of work, training. patient's treatment, relations with senior professions, accommodation and other issues. A two-years residency program similar to that of physicians was introduced recently in 1990 for the graduates of the High Institute of Nursing (HlN) in Assiut University Hospital. 134 resident physician and 71 HIN graduates included nurse residents were studied to focus the light on the work status during residency program as perceived by them. All nurses and 16.4% of resident physicians did administrative work. 97.0 % of resident physicians and 67.6% of nurses did patient care. Only nurses do report and records writing. in addition to 18.3% did requests for maintenance and cleaning. Physicians' were more tired from workload since only J 1.9% got enough sleep, on contrary to nurses (31.0%). Only 4.5% of physicians and 7.0% of nurses did house officers and internship nurses training. Most of resident physicians (70.1%) and 86.0% of nurses believe it is unsatisfactory due to absence of a training program in the department, no enough time, and lack of interest by house-officers and internship nurses. The main difficu lties encountered during residency mentioned by resident physicians were: the huge number of patients and shifts (58.2%) (p

The period of medical and nursing residency is a bottleneck because of the load of work, training. patient's treatment, relations with senior professions, accommodation and other issues. A two-years residency program similar to that of physicians was introduced recently in 1990 for the graduates of the High Institute of Nursing (HlN) in Assiut University Hospital. 134 resident physician and 71 HIN graduates included nurse residents were studied to focus the light on the work status during residency program as perceived by them. All nurses and 16.4% of resident physicians did administrative work. 97.0 % of resident physicians and 67.6% of nurses did patient care. Only nurses do report and records writing. in addition to 18.3% did requests for maintenance and cleaning. Physicians' were more tired from workload since only J 1.9% got enough sleep, on contrary to nurses (31.0%). Only 4.5% of physicians and 7.0% of nurses did house officers and internship nurses training. Most of resident physicians (70.1%) and 86.0% of nurses believe it is unsatisfactory due to absence of a training program in the department, no enough time, and lack of interest by house-officers and internship nurses. The main difficu lties encountered during residency mentioned by resident physicians were: the huge number of patients and shifts (58.2%) (p

A random sample 0[328 pregnant women (156 from urban and 172 from rural health centers) in Assiut were studied to provide an estimate of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). Its aim also to assess care provider and pregnant women compliance for its prevention after the Ministry of Health has introduced a pregnancy anti-anaemic program. The prevalence of IDA was 43.6 % among urban and 39.5% among rural pregnant women. In urban group IDA was more (72.1%) in young ages (20-30 years) while it was 54.4% in the rural group in the same age group. None of women suffered from severe anaemia (HB 7 gmIdl). 56.4% of the urban and 41.3% of the rural groups were aware about IDA and it is significantly related to the education in each group. Home nutritional advice was given by public health nurse to 4.5% of the urban and to 19.2% of the ruraJ group while in the clinic it was given to 10.9% of urban and to 28.5% of the rural group. Television (62.8%), radio (48. 1%), mother (34.0%) and mother in law (18.6%) were the main other sources among the urban group while radio (34.9%), television (27.9%), mother in law (16.3%) and. mother (8.1%) were among the rural group. Pregnant women applied the nutritional advice were 9.6% of the urban and 22.7% of the rural group and its not related to educational, status in each group but significant between both groups (p 0.01). Most of the urban (75.6%) and rural group (84.9%) attend antenatal clinics in the second trimester. Pregnant women received iron folate tablelS fonn 53.8% of urban and 39.8% ofruml groups irrespective to Hb level. Iron tablets were taken regularly by 59.5% of urban and by 60.3% ofrural pregnant women. The nurses' role was limited because of the few given nutritional advices, very poor follow-up of women and also the scarce educational materials. Haemoglobin level after receiving iron tablets was sti ll low in 47.4% of the total urban and in 41.9% of total rural pregnant women without significant difference between both groups 1>=0.82)