Health care delivery systems are experiencing dramatic organizational changes. To mange these changes effectively, nursing leaders must understand the social processes that affect employees work-related attitudes, particularly leadership style, psychological empowerment and job satisfaction .This study aims to explore the relationship between the leadership style , empowerment and job satisfaction of nurses. The study subjects included all available staff nurses working at general medical and general surgical units at Assuit University Hospital. The data was collected by using demographic data sheet, T. T leadership style questionnaire, empowerment scale, and job satisfaction questionnaire. The results revealed that two thirds of the staff nurses perceived their head nurses uses transactional leadership style more than transformational leadership style, the level of empowerment was mostly weak 88.5%, and only 11.5% of nurses reported that empowerment as being strong. Also, it was noticed that high percentage of the participants were satisfied with communication and work relationship, also the highest percentage of them were unsatisfied with their salaries and incentives, safety and security. There was a statistical significant negative effect of leadership score on the score of job satisfaction. It is recommended for the head nurses to be aware of how to use the suitable leadership style that empower their staff nurses.

To examine the quality of our current Year IV (Nursing Administration) multidisciplinary MCQ, T &F, and matching questions and to see if there was any relationship between the item difficulty index and the item discrimination index values in these questions. Materials and Methods: MCQ, T&F, and Matching questions in the study taken from Year IV student in the nursing administration final examination were analyzed to obtain their difficulty and discrimination indices. The examination consisted of 10 true/false, 10 MCQs, and 15 Matching questions, items on topics drawn from different disciplines. The questions were first constructed and vetted by the individual departments before being submitted to a central committee, where the final selection of these questions was made, based purely on the academic judgment of the committee. Results: the students who have high grades in the MCQs, T &F, and matching questions they found no difficulty and distraction in answering these questions. The difficulty and the discriminating power were found among the MCQ questions number 2, 3, 8, 7, while it was found among the T&F questions number 8, 6, 10, 3, and in matching questions it was found among the questions number 5, 4 respectively. There was a non significant positive correlation was found between MCQ and T & F. While, there was a highly significant positive correlation was found between MCQ, and matching questions. It also observed that there is a non significant negative correlation between T &F and matching questions. Conclusions: MCQ items that demonstrate good discriminating potential tend to be moderately difficult items, and the moderately-to-very difficult items are more likely to show negative discrimination. T &F questions were the very difficult questions with discrimination power ranging fi·om low to very high. Matching questions were the easiest and low discrimination power and Jess distractibility. There is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of our MCQ, T &F, and matching questions items.

To examine the quality of our current Year IV (Nursing Administration) multidisciplinary MCQ, T &F, and matching questions and to see if there was any relationship between the item difficulty index and the item discrimination index values in these questions. Materials and Methods: MCQ, T&F, and Matching questions in the study taken from Year IV student in the nursing administration final examination were analyzed to obtain their difficulty and discrimination indices. The examination consisted of 10 true/false, 10 MCQs, and 15 Matching questions, items on topics drawn from different disciplines. The questions were first constructed and vetted by the individual departments before being submitted to a central committee, where the final selection of these questions was made, based purely on the academic judgment of the committee. Results: the students who have high grades in the MCQs, T &F, and matching questions they found no difficulty and distraction in answering these questions. The difficulty and the discriminating power were found among the MCQ questions number 2, 3, 8, 7, while it was found among the T&F questions number 8, 6, 10, 3, and in matching questions it was found among the questions number 5, 4 respectively. There was a non significant positive correlation was found between MCQ and T & F. While, there was a highly significant positive correlation was found between MCQ, and matching questions. It also observed that there is a non significant negative correlation between T &F and matching questions. Conclusions: MCQ items that demonstrate good discriminating potential tend to be moderately difficult items, and the moderately-to-very difficult items are more likely to show negative discrimination. T &F questions were the very difficult questions with discrimination power ranging fi·om low to very high. Matching questions were the easiest and low discrimination power and Jess distractibility. There is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of our MCQ, T &F, and matching questions items.

To examine the quality of our current Year IV (Nursing Administration) multidisciplinary MCQ, T &F, and matching questions and to see if there was any relationship between the item difficulty index and the item discrimination index values in these questions. Materials and Methods: MCQ, T&F, and Matching questions in the study taken from Year IV student in the nursing administration final examination were analyzed to obtain their difficulty and discrimination indices. The examination consisted of 10 true/false, 10 MCQs, and 15 Matching questions, items on topics drawn from different disciplines. The questions were first constructed and vetted by the individual departments before being submitted to a central committee, where the final selection of these questions was made, based purely on the academic judgment of the committee. Results: the students who have high grades in the MCQs, T &F, and matching questions they found no difficulty and distraction in answering these questions. The difficulty and the discriminating power were found among the MCQ questions number 2, 3, 8, 7, while it was found among the T&F questions number 8, 6, 10, 3, and in matching questions it was found among the questions number 5, 4 respectively. There was a non significant positive correlation was found between MCQ and T & F. While, there was a highly significant positive correlation was found between MCQ, and matching questions. It also observed that there is a non significant negative correlation between T &F and matching questions. Conclusions: MCQ items that demonstrate good discriminating potential tend to be moderately difficult items, and the moderately-to-very difficult items are more likely to show negative discrimination. T &F questions were the very difficult questions with discrimination power ranging fi·om low to very high. Matching questions were the easiest and low discrimination power and Jess distractibility. There is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of our MCQ, T &F, and matching questions items.

All aspects of the health care industry are affected by political and policy decisions at the local, state and national levels, therefore nurses' political awareness is critical to nursing attainment of professional goals and nurse attainment of personal goals. The purpose of this study was to assess study subjects political awareness level. The study included convenient sample from faculty of nursing teaching staff (n=74) and hospital nurses (head nurses n=51and staff nurses n=105). Data was collected by using structured interview questionnaire. The results revealed that the staff nurses were the most apathetic group, the head nurses were more slightly aware in political implications, while faculty of nursing teaching staff were the most self interested in political sophistication, there a statistical significant relation between study subject educational level and political awareness. Most of them not belonged to political party. The present study recommended that, conduct a training program about political participation for nurses, and incorporate courses related to politics for undergraduate nursing students.

The present study aimed to explore the relationship between nurse's absenteeism and incidences of medication errors and bed sores among patients at El Manya University Hospital. The study was conducted at six inpatient units at El Manya University Hospital. The study sample included all staff nurses who were working at these units, and all patients admitted during period of data collection (3 months).Retrospective auditing was done for nurses absenteeism rate and patient observation checklist was used for monitoring incidences of medication errors and bed sores. The findings of this study revealed that the medication error rate was high in general medicine unit (56.17) and the bed sores rate was high in CCU (7.36) .On the other hand, it was found that the absenteeism rate was high among nurses in obstetric and general medicine units (1.82,1.50) respectively. It was concluded from the study finding that there was a highly significant positive correlation between nurses' absenteeism rate and incidence of both medication errors and bed sores. It was recommended to make supervision for nurses performance especially in drug administration ,also training programs were crushly needed with emphasis on preventive measures against bed sores ,in addition to adopt risk management system in the hospital.

This study aimed to analyze the importance of gradation of human needs among nurses working in different health care settings at Assiut city. The study subjects consisted of (300) staff nurses and (60) head nurses. Data collected through personal interview by using the demographic data sheet and need satisfaction scale. Results revealed that gradation of human needs for both nurses and head nurses was the same, started by social, self esteem, security, self actualization, and autonomy need except in El-Shamalla hospital the fourth need was autonomy and the fifth need was self actualization, by using Mann Whitney U- test it was found a statistical significant difference between staff nurses and head nurses regarding to the autonomy and self actualization needs in the three selected hospitals. It was recommended to secure the working environment, provide a child-care service for nursing staff children (nursery school).

This study aimed to analyze the importance of gradation of human needs among nurses working in different health care settings at Assiut city. The study subjects consisted of (300) staff nurses and (60) head nurses. Data collected through personal interview by using the demographic data sheet and need satisfaction scale. Results revealed that gradation of human needs for both nurses and head nurses was the same, started by social, self esteem, security, self actualization, and autonomy need except in El-Shamalla hospital the fourth need was autonomy and the fifth need was self actualization, by using Mann Whitney U- test it was found a statistical significant difference between staff nurses and head nurses regarding to the autonomy and self actualization needs in the three selected hospitals. It was recommended to secure the working environment, provide a child-care service for nursing staff children (nursery school).

Medication errors can be a serious problem that exposes patients to preventable risks. The present study was aiming at investigating the effect of training in reduction of medication errors, through developing, implementing, and evaluating an in-service training program for reduction of nurses medication errors. The study was carried out in Assiut University Hospitals, including all general medical and surgical units and medical and surgical intensive care units. A total of 67 nurses were selected by a systematic random sampling technique from those 200 nurses included in the needs assessment who are selected in the previous master degree related to medication errors. Four different tools were used to collect study data. These were a knowledge test, chart audit, an observation checklist, and an attitude scale. The tools were applied 3 times, before implementation of the training program, immediately after implementation, and after three months from the post test. The result denoted that there were marked improvement in nurses' knowledge, attitude, and practice immediately after implementation of the training training program. This improvement was mostly retained after 3- months, with slight decline, particularly related to attitude, although still higher compared to pre-implementation level. However, the training program had no effect on nurse's documentation of medication errors, which could be attributed to the absence of the medication errors record in the hospital. Strong correlations were revealed among nurses' knowledge, attitude, documentation, and performance scores. On the light of the present findings the authors recommended the necessity of improvement of medication education at all levels is urgently needed, ~etting standard for medication administration process by nurses, Setting policies regarding medication error reporting, Simplification of the steps of transcription is recommended.

Medication errors can be a serious problem that exposes patients to preventable risks. The present study was aiming at investigating the effect of training in reduction of medication errors, through developing, implementing, and evaluating an in-service training program for reduction of nurses medication errors. The study was carried out in Assiut University Hospitals, including all general medical and surgical units and medical and surgical intensive care units. A total of 67 nurses were selected by a systematic random sampling technique from those 200 nurses included in the needs assessment who are selected in the previous master degree related to medication errors. Four different tools were used to collect study data. These were a knowledge test, chart audit, an observation checklist, and an attitude scale. The tools were applied 3 times, before implementation of the training program, immediately after implementation, and after three months from the post test. The result denoted that there were marked improvement in nurses' knowledge, attitude, and practice immediately after implementation of the training training program. This improvement was mostly retained after 3- months, with slight decline, particularly related to attitude, although still higher compared to pre-implementation level. However, the training program had no effect on nurse's documentation of medication errors, which could be attributed to the absence of the medication errors record in the hospital. Strong correlations were revealed among nurses' knowledge, attitude, documentation, and performance scores. On the light of the present findings the authors recommended the necessity of improvement of medication education at all levels is urgently needed, ~etting standard for medication administration process by nurses, Setting policies regarding medication error reporting, Simplification of the steps of transcription is recommended.